Thursday, September 3, 2020

Social Media the End of Privacy free essay sample

In any case, these person to person communication adventures and their subsequent advancements, some would contend, have denoted the finish of protection for their lease clients, yet for people in the future too. Before we choose whether web based life have Irrevocably disintegrated security, It Is Important to characterize what protection Is, and furthermore to depict how online life functions. Merriam-Webster characterizes protection as opportunity from unapproved Intrusion, or the quality or condition of being separated from organization or perception (Merriam-Webster). Internet based life organizations, for example, Backbone, Twitter and Google* permit gatherings of individuals to interface with one another for nothing, and they subsidize this network by offering their clients data to promoting organizations. Conventional plans of action have persuaded that on the off chance that we utilize an item, at that point we should be the customers. This doesn't have any significant bearing to web based life. With web based life, we are the item to be offered to the paying customers of the promoting organizations. We will compose a custom article test on Online life the End of Privacy or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Stacking Lyle 2 Since online life by definition looks to interface you with your companions no matter what. To such an extent actually, that it assaults that extravagance to be separated from the perception of others, I. E. , protection, we may envision a situation where two companions and I hang out together at a bar and afterward return home. Two of my companions have Backbone and I dont on the grounds that I don't care for having my munititions stockpile life showed on the Internet. Photographs are taken for the sake of entertainment. In any case, as I present for the photographs with my companions, I don't understand that my companions will post these photos via web-based networking media for everybody to see.My companions can label me by my genuine name in these photographs and what I thought was a private night out with my companions, ends up being an open occasion, which individuals can see and remark on. Previously, things were more straightforward and systems administration like this was not conceived at this point. On the off chance that the companions and I were to take photographs, they would sit in a cabinet or in a collection and just individuals who had physical access to that collection could see those photographs. Apparently those individuals were not appeared to finish outsiders or potential employers.Those photographs were private, yet they are not private any longer. Regardless of whether you are presently a worker or looking for a throw, organizations currently have the alternative to Invade your protection through poaching on your informal community sites. They can check all your photographs to Judge your notoriety and choose without even your insight whether you may harm the companys Image, truth be told, Backbone even gathers information on clients who are not on Backbone and hen showcases their Information to potential advertisers.Perhaps much more stunningly, regard less of whether I decided to deactivate my record, my photographs, messages and recollections are put away and utilized by Backbone for an uncertain period. This idea of inconclusive responsibility for past assaults the core of my protection: Freedom from unapproved interruption. Stacking

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Totalitarianism Essays - Forms Of Government, Political Philosophy

Tyranny Essays - Forms Of Government, Political Philosophy Tyranny As per the Encyclopedia Britannica, the meaning of despotism is a type of government that hypothetically allows no individual opportunity and that looks to subordinate all parts of the person's life to the authority of the administration (britannica.com/). Extremist governments are regularly accepted to be an answer for political or financial issues in a nation. Regardless of the mercilessness and absence of opportunity, at its start, an extremist government regularly gets overpowering help for its thoughts and objectives. History has demonstrated that such governments have had a huge contrary effect on their kin and customs. Authoritarian governments frequently rise up out of creating nations that are attempting to construct their economy. They are likewise viewed as an answer for nations that have as of late experienced a social, financial or political ruin. Toward the start of their standard, these systems will in general be well known and have the help of the vast majority in the nation. This prominence is for the most part because of the legislatures guarantees of a perfect society. An authoritarian organization additionally requires an alluring pioneer and present day advancements in transportation and correspondence to spread its message. All together for an authoritarian state to be constructed, the pioneer must have an enormous will to change the general public into his form of perfect world (uta.edu). A focal idea in the extremist framework is the fulfillment of a particular objective. This objective is the motivation behind why an authoritarian government exists and is basic to keeping the system in power (britannica.com/). In Hitlers case, his objectives were the filtration of the Aryan race and the development of his region. In an authoritarian express, the entirety of its

Developing An Operational Plan Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Development of an operational arrangement for a business? 2.How Operational arrangement causes a business to be progressively effective? Answers: 1. An operational arrangement alludes to a particular arrangement arranged by the administration of an organization which plainly characterizes the activity requires to help the destinations and plan of the upper administration. Operational arrangement decides how HR, money related assets and physical assets will be designated consummately with the goal that transient objectives of a particular association can be accomplished (Cummings and Worley 2014). Notable organizations like Apple Co. also, Starbucks creates operational designs to guarantee accomplishment over the long haul. So as to build up a compelling vital arrangement, the accompanying advance should be followed: Getting expressed with the vital arrangement Considering the way that operational arrangement is an instrument for effectively completing key arrangement, it is pivotal to have a solid key arrangement and all the businesses and representatives in the association know about it. An operational arrangement must be created if the chiefs of the association as of now have an all around created vital arrangement. Concentrating on the urgent objectives The subsequent stage is to breakdown the key arrangement into a one year targets and along these lines making vital brief timeframe objectives (Rummler and Brache 2012). From that point forward, the supervisors need to decide the key activities which will assist the association with achieving the objectives. A portion of the conceivable key activities are: New Organizational structure More noteworthy profitability and quicker conveyance Quality control measures Roughly three to five activities ought to be picked by the administration that will achieve a drawn out progress to the association and afterward measurements ought to be recognized which will assist the administrators with measuring the advancement. Use of driving markers It is significant to pick the correct Key Performance Indicators for the achievement of the operational arrangement. There are two sorts of pointers to browse so as to build up an operational arrangement. While driving markers help the directors to decide future desires and permit the administration to alter the course as needs be, slacking pointers frequently wind up demonstrating the provisos of the arrangement simply after it is past the point of no return. A portion of the instances of proficient driving pointers are assemble per-week and deals conference. An association, in view of its past encounters, can choose the quantity of calls expected to finish a deal. These will thus, help the association to comprehend whether it is on the track to meet deals objectives or not. Effective improvement of KPIs Considering the way that the picked Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) will be directing the administration for the following one year, a wide assortment of point of view ought to be drawn inside the group while creating KPIs (Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston 2013). While little associations can include all the workers while creating KPIs, huge associations ought to limit the support to the authority groups. Building up compelling correspondence While creating KPIs it is extremely significant that the chief of the Organization to viably speak with all the representatives of the association. This is on the grounds that, each worker ought to comprehend the purpose for picking the particular networks and how these lattices will assist the association with achieving its objectives alongside the job of every representative so as to make extreme progress. One of the best approaches to set up successful correspondence is to hold gatherings on consistently so as to talk about the issues and the advancement of the association related with the KPIs. It is additionally significant for the colleagues to follow their own advancement with the assistance of dashboards, gatherings or by some other methods. 2. Operational arrangement imposes a positive effect on different territories of an association. A viable operational arrangement helps the directors of an association to set the objective and accomplish targets and goals. Aside from building up the operational side of the administration, Operational arrangement likewise guarantee the improvement of the physical side of the administration of an association that incorporates representative administration and the advancement of the business on regular routine. Aside from that, an association can be progressively fruitful by executing an operational arrangement which gives guidance, support center and adjust the representatives to the companys vital plans. Operational arranging is a pivotal piece of the administration since it keeps the assets and the division working consistently (Weick 2012). Operational arrangement upgrades the upper hands of an association by expanding the effectiveness of the assets and workers. It encourages the b usiness to be progressively effective by creating and honing the procedures and by assessing the present circumstance of the business. When the association builds up the comprehension of its present position, Operational arrangement causes the supervisors to keep away from disarray and spotlight on the most basic targets. References Cummings, T.G. what's more, Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization turn of events and change. Cengage learning, pp. 345-367 Rummler, G.A. what's more, Brache, A.P., 2012.Improving execution: How to deal with the void area on the association graph. John Wiley Sons, pp. 235-256 Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A. furthermore, Johnston, R., 2013.Operations administration. Pearson, pp. 129-203 Weick, K.E., 2012.Making feeling of the association, Volume 2: The temporary organization(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons, pp. 218-230

Friday, August 21, 2020

Organisational Behaviour Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Authoritative Behavior - Literature survey Example This paper can help at understanding the idea of hierarchical conduct. It is significant in light of the fact that without it, development and changes can never be invited which are gigantically fundamental for keeping up a fruitful situation in the market and guaranteeing consumer loyalty. Realities and writing audit introduced in this paper are fundamentally intended to address the issue that â€Å"with wild intensity that shapes the sign of the current business age, settling heap hierarchical conduct issues like initiative, change, and so on stay unaddressed because of which the entire authoritative structure begins pulverizing past repair.† Literature survey remembered for this paper centers around tending to this issue and the need to keep up solidness in an association and for this, the two chiefs and representatives should regard one another while taking consideration to add the component of solidarity to the hierarchical system. As per, exacting yet understanding and c entered authority is unreasonably significant for balancing out the basic structure of hierarchical conduct. A pioneer should guarantee if the entirety of the representatives, should they experience any issue or issue, have simple access to him/her or not for examining that issue. The vast majority of the occasions, clashes emerge when there is no sort of correspondence or any inviting connection between the pioneer and subordinates, with the outcome that little issues develop into a larger than average mammoth making a lot of difficulty and anarchy in an association. The exploration study introduced by (Mills, 2005) in his book in regards to the basic significance of authority lays weight on the need to embrace such a main style, that would not demoralize the representatives to present any thoughts they have in their psyches for the improvement of the association, rather a progressive head should hold normal gatherings with the representatives working at each level so unpredictable dreams can be shared and methodologies can be presented. It is a reality that engaged initiative and positive authoritative conduct â€Å"focuses fundamentally on builds, for example, sympathy, excellence, and pardoning as finishes in themselves for today’s organizations.† (Luthans, 2002, p. 698). With a heedless and ungraceful authority that never stays engaged, authoritative arrangement becomes deteriorated, slow, and targets become for all intents and purposes inaccessible. It is legitimately asserted that â€Å"walking at the front isn’t extremely administration except if the individual in front is really picking the direction!† (Mills, 2005, p. 14). Going to the models that associations around the globe work out of, (Medsker, Williams, and Holahan, 1994, pp. 439-464) have laid accentuation on the four significant models proposed for widening the idea about hierarchical conduct and ongoing advancements made in these models since the time they were pr esented. This examination study lays specific weight on the need to assess these models with the goal that ambiguities could be evacuated and better comprehension for the general advantage of an association could be guaranteed between the pioneers and representatives. Advancement of understanding and inclination free regard for each is significantly damaged by negative thoughts that are the vast majority of the occasions, totally unfounded and by following a set valuable hierarchical conduct model, coherency in deduction and executing thoughts can be accomplished by the pioneers. The totalitarian model is likely the most

Lord Of The Flies Essays (1176 words) - English-language Films

Master Of The Flies Essays (1176 words) - English-language Films Master Of The Flies The Truth Within Master of the Flies, is the narrative of a gathering of young men of various foundations who are abandoned on an obscure island when their plane accidents. As the young men attempt to figure an arrangement to get protected, they start to isolate, and a band of savage innate trackers are shaped. In the end the young men essentially shake off the development of the world they once knew. At the point when all the disarray of conduct drives them to a manhunt the peruser understands the unexpected rot of peace and loss of human progress when grown-ups aren't among them. Which additionally draws out the basic savage side existent in all people. In Lord of the Flies, there were various topics that were depicted all through the novel. The Need for Civilisation, is the most clear topic. Our convictions were consistently persuade that man is guiltless and that our general public is abhorrent. However, what the announcement is escaping our friends is that without laws, rules, and request, our reality would return to a progressively crude piece of his inclination. Which obviously is a progressively darker and coldblooded spot to live our lives. There aren't any adults. We will need to take care of ourselves.1 The Innocence and its Loss is the presence of progress that permits man to stay in imprisonment with his guiltlessness or numbness about his actual nature. Despite the fact that man needs human progress, it is likewise significant that he know about his base impulses. As William Golding the creator of Lord of the Flies expressed, This loss of honesty by dealing with the truth is important if mankind is to endure Which is, to arrive at genuine development you should first understands the truth of our present reality, as it isn't equivalent to it was numerous years prior. I'm not going to be a piece of Ralph's part He looked along the right-hand logs, numbering the trackers that had been an ensemble. I'm going off without anyone else. He can get his own pigs. Any individual who needs to chase when I do can come as well. He screwed up out of the triangle towards the drop to the white sand.2 The Loss of Identity is the most widely recognized one among us as we are confronted with various environmental factors and environnement We are instructed are educated to settle on decisions our entire lives and when we come the circumstance to make them on our own we freeze not realizing what to do, subsequently they follow the lead of the following and on account of Lord of the Flies they drive each other wild until the main way out is to murder. They smell me. They see me, I think. Something pink, under the trees. He made one cheek and one eye-attachment white, at that point scoured red everywhere throughout the other portion of his face and cut a dark bar of charcoal opposite right ear to left jaw. He glanced in the negligible for his appearance, yet his breathing upset in the mirror.3 Force is utilized halfway to concentrate in on their initiative and devotion. There is a sort of intensity utilized by each character which permits the peruser to set up an even scale to which upon they meet with their desire and judge against the human advancement today. You see that popularity based force is demonstrated when the young men are confronted with their own decisions and choices, and than they are confronted with the ability to be a pioneer or a supporter and manage the segregation constrained upon them by the individuals who dread dismissal. They have an inward quality that pushes them to mix with the others to make the issues understood of threat. This'll be a genuine chase! Who'll come? Ralph moved fretfully. These lances are made of wood. Try not to be senseless. Jack jeered at him. Startled? Course I'm startled. Who wouldn't be?5 I'm boss. We must make certain. Wouldn't you be able to see the mountain? There's no sign appearing. There might be a boat out there. It is safe to say that you are on the whole crazy? 6 Dread of the Unknown advances around the young men making endeavors to get the brute. As the story disentangles the peruser understands that set in a place to catch a mammoth you are hit with a certain

Saturday, June 20, 2020

Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Problem Solving Microsoft - 1100 Words

Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Problem Solving: Microsoft (Essay Sample) Content: Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Problem Solving: Microsoft Name: Institution: Porter’s Five Forces Model and Microsoft Michael Porter’s model of the five forces is utilized to determine industry competitive intensity and provide the framework for subsequent strategy development (Porter, 1979). The model proposes an assessment of five key microenvironment factors, namely: the ‘horizontal’ threats of substitutes, new entrants, and rivals; and the ‘vertical’ threats from supplier and buyer bargaining power (Porter, 1979). According to Porter’s Five Forces, the most profitable organizations are those that enjoy high barriers to industry entry by competitors, low buyer power hence high markups, low supplier power hence lower production costs, no or least substitution, and minimal rivalry (Froeb, McCann, Ward & Shor, 2015). Airlines and pharmaceutical companies are among the least and highest profita ble corporations respectively (Froeb, McCann, Ward & Shor, 2015). These structural characteristics confer an industry advantage in spite of individual firm differences. Microsoft has near total domination of the operating system (OS) and productivity software markets, with a commanding 95% market share. This dominance gives the company a strong competitive advantage as it increases the barriers to entry in the personal computing business and provides a defensible beachhead in the development and marketing of new products. Besides, technology markets have high barriers to entry due to the concentration of intellectual property in the form of patents and proprietary methods, strong brand equity, and significant capital requirements necessary to sustain prohibitively high marketing and research and development costs. Nonetheless, Microsoft faces threats from powerful buyers. Corporate purchases account for almost 80% of the firm’s yearly revenue and, consequently, enjoy immense contract and product cycle negotiation powers. However, this threat is ameliorated by the high product switching costs and Microsoft’s high reputation in the provision of mission-critical services. The firm also faces a threat from powerful suppliers who provide it with electronic components during the assembly of mobile devices, gaming consoles, among other devices. This threat is also conflated with the instability of commodity prices. However, due to the corporation’s sheer economies of scale, brand equity, and value capture, Microsoft arguably enjoys strong bargaining powers in negotiating supplying contracts. Also notable is the high threat of substitutes from other market players. The threat from rivals is a constant menace to Microsoft’s ecosystem of products. Competitors include the device manufacturers Apple or HTC Corporation, console makers Sony and Nintendo, and enterprise player IBM. However, due to customer lock-in, brand loyalty, high industry gro wth, and accumulated domain expertise, the latter has built a relatively sustainable moat around its revenue-generating divisions. Interestingly, since Microsoft is a multi-product company, it enjoys a lower threat of substitutes in its enterprise software market. Keeping from Becoming a Monopoly Since monopolies earn sustained outsized profits, companies strive to achieve the sort of market insulation that leads to their creation (Froeb, McCann, Ward & Shor, 2015). This superior insulation is derived from the provision of non-substitutable products, absence of market rivals, and unyielding barriers to entry. Although Microsoft has never entirely recovered from its anti-trust prosecution in the late 1990s, it is no longer the dominating force that it was once. Several factors prevent Microsoft from attaining the profit maximization inherent in monopolies. Firstly, the firm’s products are no longer non-substitutable. An important market player in the operating system and produ ctivity software market is the open-source Linux system that famously invoked a fit of corporate panic at the firm. Secondly, the company now faces numerous rivals, some more successful than others, but nonetheless effective at chipping away at its market share. These competitors have also created a fragmented ecosystem of standards and software products, meaning that it is ever more expensive to ensure compatibility. Thirdly, despite Microsoft’s accumulated expertise, the barriers to entry have been lowered by a democratized market that has greater access to domain knowledge through the globalized labor market and efficient technologies to iteratively assess consumer demand. Slowing Profit Erosion The three generic strategies that companies use to sustainably enhance their performance in a competitive marketplace are cost reduction, product differentiation, and a deliberate strategy to reduce competitive intensity (Froeb, McCann, Ward & Shor, 2015). These factors are the bui lding blocks of the resource-based view (RBV) theory of inter-firm differences (Barney 1991). To stem profit erosion, Microsoft continues to pursue a strategy that builds on its sustainable competitive advantages by deploying the following measures. These strategic thrusts are necessitated by declining demand, competitive rivals, and market saturation. Specific strategies to neutralize competitors include value addition in existing products, an accelerated pace of innovation, and product unbundling as part of a wider platform strategy. Value addition encompasses both a reduction in the cost of existing products and improvement in the value it creates for the user. Cost leadership provides a competitive advantage because it blunts the ability of competitors to make inroads, a critical advantage in the firm’s consumer markets where domination is essential. Microsoft has also accelerated its pace of innovation in product development and design. This differential strategy is supp orted by massive investments in effective marketing and advertising to individual consumers and enterprise clie...

Friday, June 5, 2020

Insanity Robert Altmans MASH - Literature Essay Samples

In a mad world, only the mad are sane.Akira Kurosawa What this picture is about and it keeps getting more clear to me all the time is the insanity.Robert Altman MASH was not Richard Nixons favorite war film of 1970. Of the four highest grossing war films released domestically in 1970 at the height of the Vietnam War Paramounts satirical Catch-22 and Foxs trio of MASH and the more conventional Tora! Tora! Tora! and Patton the recently-minted war presidents personal favorite was by far Franklin Schaffners biopic of World War II general and fellow Californian George S. Patton. Mark Feeney, in Nixon at the Movies, suggests that Patton, with his macho, swaggering, impulsive qualities, was a Nixonian beau ideal: an example to aspire to, even if not a model to live by. A large cohort of America, of course, had a different pick. The low budget subversive antiwar comedy MASH, which Fox thought would just play in drive-ins, grossed an astonishing $36.7 million that year just over $200 m illion in 2008 dollars and came in as the third highest grossing film of 1970, just behind Love Story and Airport. The vaunted studio pictures Patton and Tora! Tora! Tora!, both made with budgets which dwarfed that of MASH, pulled more meager returns: in contrast to Foxs unexpected 13x return on their $3.5 million MASH investment, the Presidents favorite flick, while still successful as the fourth highest grossing film of the year, returned somewhat more than twice what the studio put into it; Tora! Tora! Tora! was an unmitigated flop. Meanwhile, Catch-22, that other subversive antimilitary war comedy released in 1970 the one with the bigger cast, the bigger budget, the more prominent source novel, and the established director who had achieved counterculture cinema success was as well a flop, barely pulling in as much as its budget. Robert Altman, commenting in 2004 on the MASH-Catch-22 affair with classic braggadocio, remarked, It didnt surprise me, because I thought that was the way it should be I even had a sign up in my office: Weve Caught 22! Patton, with its curious relationship to the apparently masculinity-obsessed Nixon , offers an interesting vantage point from which to begin contemplating MASH. Compared to MASH, Patton was a more conventional studio film, one which received much more attention from studio executives than Altmans under-the-radar production. In fact, Altman reported that after studio executives had seen the grittiness of the dailies for MASH, they began to insist to Pattons director Frank Schaffner, This doesnt look dirty or real enough! Moreover, MASH was a starkly vulgar post-Hays black comedy, one which featured a previously unheard of level of irreverent depictions and discussions of nudity, drug use, surgery, adultery, profanity, sexuality, and homosexuality. Patton, meanwhile, included no very salacious content to speak of, receiving a PG rating. In contrast to MASHs inclusion of the word fuck the first non-X-rated domes tic studio film to have the honor of doing so Pattons opening monologue features some bowdlerized dialogue, in which the word fornicating awkwardly rears its head.Feeney argues that Patton, like MASH, featured a somewhat subversive bent towards war and authority, thus rendering that militarist authoritarian Nixons love of the film deeply ironic. He writes that Patton offered something to both hawks and doves, and that the character of George Patton, pitched as a rebel and a rule-breaker, hated authority as much as the longhairs did more actually, since those in charge stood in the way of his being final authority. In comparing Patton and MASH directly, Feeney states:With something for everyone in the audience, Patton was part of an even larger balancing act, belligerent yin to the irreverent yang of another wildly popular war picture also released that year by Fox, M*A*S*H. The irony is that Scotts Patton makes Elliott Goulds Trapper John and Donald Sutherlands Hawkeye seem mode ls of restraint by comparison. Is this really the case? Were these binge-drinking, womanizing, openly insubordinate draftee surgeons really models of restraint in contrast to the decorated general, either in fiction or in reality? Was Pattons vaguely rebellious stance towards military bureaucracy at all comparable to MASHs open loathing for militarism and the social functions which support it? Perhaps if it were a matter of historical record that George S. Patton had conspired to sexually humiliate a female Major multiple times or had ever blackmailed a Colonel by drugging him and photographing him unclothed with a prostitute, Feeneys broad comparison would make a better argument (unfortunately, we can only speculate).Perhaps in the course of this discussion it is unfair to continuing harping on one authors offhand comparison. It is, however, quite salient that the broad and profoundly subversive moral stances of MASH and its doctor heroes positions which fly in opposition to socia l mores, to faith, to patriotism, to militarism render the film an incomparably more potent rebellion against authority than Patton. Patton, despite Feeneys suggestion of the film holding anti-authority overtones, was at its heart a sanitary, patriotic war film one you go see with either your mother or your president. It was a film whose hero seemed at times contemplative of the senseless violence of warfare, yet nevertheless declared while watching a gruesome battle unfold, God help me, I do love it so. What follows is neither a longer comparison between MASH and Patton nor a longer discourse on the 37th Presidents taste in cinema. Instead, what follows is a focused excursion into the starkly rebellious nature of MASH, and a dissertation about the complex social relationships among faith, sexuality, militarism, social order, art, and culture suggested by this film. The ironies and contradictions of MASH a film about war without war, a comedy that capitalizes on tragedy, a mobile army hospital that never moves, and a fiction of violence repeated nearly verbatim on the nightly news both then and now are reflective of the bitter ironies of 1960s America as viewed by Robert Altman and his crew. I submit that the proper lens for viewing Americas long engagement in Vietnam is not through the binoculars of the general so admired by the president, but instead through Altmans steady zoom: focusing, yet destabilizing; inviting intimacy, yet constantly reminding one of a profound distance.***The rudiments of MASH came from the firsthand experiences of H. Richard Hornberger, a Cornell Medical School graduate whose service with the 8055th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital unit in Korea provided the background for his darkly comic 1968 work MASH: A Novel about Three Army Doctors. Here, Hornberger, whose work was published under the pen name Richard Hooker, sketched most of the characters and episodes which would find their way into Altmans film: the torment of Frank Burns, Trapper and Hawkeyes Japan excursion, the Painless Poles Last Supper, Ho-Jons conscription, the football game, etc.In 1969 the galleys for Hornbergers novel ended up in the hands of Ring Lardner, Jr. Lardner, who in the 1940s had been a successful Oscar-winning screenwriter and unabashed leftist, wound up one of the Hollywood Ten. Convicted of contempt of Congress and consequently blacklisted, Lardner went fifteen years between screen credits until receiving acknowledgement for his work on The Cincinnati Kid in 1965.Lardner sent a copy of the script to Ingo Preminger, director Otto Premingers brother, who then had a producing deal with Fox Studios. Preminger and Lardner successfully pitched the film to Richard Zanuck and David Brown, heads of Fox production. Lardner wrote the script, and the duo proceeded to find a suitable director.Preminger and Lardner looked for young directorial talent who would be capable of properly handling the films controversial subject matter and languag e, and as well would be able to attract star actors. While the script was received warmly by a number of those contacted, some fifteen potential directors turned the project down. Mike Nichols, Arthur Penn, and Stanley Kubrick were busy with Catch-22, Little Big Man, and A Clockwork Orange respectively; Franklin Schaffner was of course busy with Patton; George Roy Hill and Paul Newman were working on Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid; Bob Rafelson was busy filming Five Easy Pieces; Sidney Lumet as well said no. It was only when, by some bit of chance, an idiosyncratic 44-year-old TV director and WWII veteran whose only experience directing a real studio film had ended in turmoil found himself with a copy of the script and the time to film it that the MASH team found its leader.***Robert Bernard Altman was born on July 20, 1925 into a well-to-do Kansas City family. While surrounded by the despair of the Great Depression, Altmans family nevertheless maintained their suburban afflue nce in a prosperous area of town. Raised a Catholic, the young Altman was a regular churchgoer who constantly tried to duck out of Sunday Mass: My mother kept saying, Oh, Bobby, when you get into the war, youll need to turn to your religion. And when I got into the army, that was the last year I went to church in my life. Altman left public school during his junior year to join the Wentworth Military Academy, where he achieved a junior college degree. In 1945, at the age of nineteen, Altman quit pursuing higher education and enlisted in the Air Force with the dream of becoming a fighter pilot. Altman underwent training in Riverside, California, where the teenager developed a fascination with Hollywood society. In March of 1945, Altman with his fellow crew members flew to the island of Morotai in the Dutch East Indies, where they spent the remainder of the war engaged in bombing missions over the Southern Philippines with the aim of clearing out remaining Japanese installations.Alt mans behavior during the war may have included hints towards his future attitudes towards film directing, especially with respect to his conviviality, his sense of egality, his resistance to studio authority, and his collaborative manner of operation. McGilligan describes the young officers attitude as cavalier, and suggests this attitude is carried over into the skepticism and cynicism of the film and television work that dissects the military code. Moreover, Altman preferred to fraternize with the enlisted men. He would remove his insignia in order to visit the islands NCO facility, which had the added attraction of Aussie enlisted women. Contrast this impulse with Altmans declaration, regarding the casting of MASH, that I went through the script and gave names to all these characters I wanted and put one or two lines in for each of them Id done this in television before, when I would give six people one line each in order to have extras whom I could talk to. (Thompson explain s via endnote that Normally, only an assistant director can address extras on a movie set. )Moreover, Altmans propensity for drinking and socialization during the period of downtime he enjoyed during the war seems to link up with the directors management style, particularly with respect to MASH. McGilligan mentions the night-long beach parties with the nurses from the Australian hospital unit, the awesome poker games, and the plenty of booze and cigarettes and socialization : In the end, the partylike MASH may be the most autobiographical of his combat zone depictions. This certainly jibes with the leisurely, convivial atmosphere among Altman and his actors during the filming of MASH: [A]t nightly get-togethers, everybody got squiffed and made egalitarian comments about the rushes, writes McGilligan. Regarding the films production, AMCs Backstory reports, the actors started bunking down in tents around the set, and inhibitions began running wild. Tom Skeritt, the actor who plays Duke in the film, said in an interview for Backstory, It was a very crazy camp, it was a very mad set. Robert Altman allowed us to be foolish and carry on. Altmans career in the entertainment industry began when he learned filmmaking at the Calvin Company in Kansas City. Here, the incipient director created his first works: mainly industrial films for Calvin, but also some unsuccessful local features, such as 1956s The Delinquents, a teen exploitation film imitative of Blackboard Jungle, which was nonetheless a modest success. It was at this time that Altman went to Hollywood, where Alfred Hitchcock, impressed by The Delinquents, tapped the 31-year-old to direct two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents. Altman thus began a decade-long TV career, which included episodes of action shows such as Combat!, Bonanza, and The Whirlybirds, a bottom-of-the-barrel TV series described by TV Guide as A Western with helicopters. Altmans TV career was marked both by frequent sparring with TV exe cutives over his unconventional style and by his pursuit of creative autonomy, which he described as auteurism. Altmans TV experience, particularly with respect to the low-rent Whirlybirds, taught him a lesson which he would later utilize in the filming of MASH: that working on a project with a low budget and low studio interest offered an intentioned director a great deal of autonomy.It was during Altmans TV career that he met agent George Litto, who for a time provided representation for the upstart director. Litto had a very cavalier, antiauthority attitude of his own, taking on controversial clients such as the blacklisted Lardner. Altman directed two features before MASH: the 1968 Warner Brothers space race film Countdown, the ending of which was changed by studio executives, and the 1969 independent feature That Cold Day in the Park, a surreal sexual thriller which Altman considered to be his first true film because of the level of directorial control which he exerted over it . By 1969, Altman had been working for five years on a World War I flying film, The Chicken and the Hawk, which Altman says never progressed very far in the production process due to his lack of credentials and the expense required in making the film. It was at this time that Altman received a copy of Lardners MASH script through Litto, read it, and loved it.Altman was, however, not exactly in the running for director. Yet Litto recognized what a great fit Altman was for the feature: The same unorthodox line, the caustic, biting, sardonic humor, outrageous humor, black comedy. I knew Bob understood this, liked this and wanted to do this. As the rejections from potential directors piled up, Litto proceeded to screen for Lardner and Preminger That Cold Day in the Park to illustrate Altmans talent and art capacities, as well as some of Altmans earlier comic shorts to show off Altmans wild sense of humor. After one meeting, Altman was brought on board.Fox, while dubious about Altmans directorial capacities, was willing to accept the decision, albeit at a severe pay cut. Littos original package for Altman a salary of $100,000 and 5 per cent of the films profits was cut to $75,000 and zero points. Litto told Altman, They dont want you. If you tell them you dont accept the deal, theyll be the happiest studio in town today. You really want to fuck them? Take the deal. He did. Regarding Altmans lack of bargaining power, Preminger remarked decades later in an interview for Enlisted: The Story of MASH, I had a director who was not able to give me any conditions, because he was the one whom I hired, and he was like a pussycat. Im sure hell never again be as nice and pliable as he was with me. ***In reality, Altman wasnt quite as pliable as Preminger suggests with respect to the casting of the film. Before Altman signed on, Preminger cast Donald Sutherland, an out-of-work actor who had appeared in The Dirty Dozen (1967), as surgeon Hawkeye Pierce, one of the three ma in roles of the film. When Altman came aboard, he first tried to get Sutherland fired; later, he tried to reduce Sutherlands billing. Preminger also brought in Elliott Gould, who had received an Oscar nomination for his role in the hit counterculture film Bob Carol Ted Alice. Gould was originally slated to play Duke Forrest, Hawkeyes womanizing friend, but the actor had misgivings about affecting a Southern accent; he received the ultimately larger part of Trapper John McIntyre, the third subversive surgeon. The role of Duke was filled by Tom Skerritt, who had appeared in a television pilot directed by Altman and considered him a mentor during the 60s.Rounding out the starring cast: Sally Kellerman, who initially wanted the role of Lt. Dish, was instead given the bigger role of Hot Lips OHoulihan , the chief nurse, after one meeting with Altman; Robert Duvall, who had played Boo Radley in To Kill A Mockingbird (1962) and was one of the bigger names on the set, played the hypocri tical zealot Frank Burns; Roger Bowen, an unknown actor, played the camps commanding officer Henry Blake; Rene Auberjonois, who had had some experience in theater but was as well an unknown, played the camp chaplain, Father Mulcahy; and David Arkin, who initially had a limited role as Sgt. Vollmer, became one of the most pivotal voices in the film that of the camps ubiquitous P.A. system.One of the more interesting aspects of the actual credits of MASH is the long list of actors billed with introducing: JoAnn Pflug (Lt. Dish), Gary Burghoff (Radar OReilly), John Schuck (Painless Pole, the well-endowed dentist), Bud Cort (the baby-faced Pvt. Boone), Kim Atwood (Ho-Jon, the houseboy), Timothy Brown (the anesthesiologist Me Lay Marston), and pro footballer Michael Murphy (Spearchucker Jones). In all, fourteen of the twenty-eight speaking roles belonged to actors to actors making their motion-picture debuts. This glut of fresh faces and small roles was no accident. As stated earlier, A ltman had a propensity for larger casts, and he used the opportunity provided by MASH to expand upon this tendency first exhibited, albeit in a limited fashion, during his television career. I went up to San Francisco, where there was a lot of Theater of the Absurd going on and you could see twenty-five people interacting on stage. I hired about twenty actors for MASH, many of whom had never been in a movie before So I went through the script and gave names to all these characters I wanted and put one or two lines in for each of them. Moreover, the films limited budget necessitated the use of unknowns and lesser-knowns.In the filming of MASH, Altman gave very limited direction to his actors. I dont understand acting, by which I mean I dont understand how they do it Burt Lancaster in Buffalo Bill said afterwards, Altman didnt give me any directions. Thats not what I do. I try to create an atmosphere where these actors can stretch into it. The free-flowing nature of the MASH produc tion on a set in remote Malibu Creek State Park where actors not involved in the scene at hand would play touch football, poker, one o cat, wade in the stream, and pick wildflowers allowed for a great deal of spontaneity and improvisation on the part of the actors. Some of the films more memorable moments such as Father Mulcahy blessing a jeep and the Painless Pole telling the opposing player (played by a very real, and very large pro football player) in the scrimmage line your fuckin head is coming right off were invented on the fly during filming. Altman so delighted in these inventions that he later fought successfully to have the historic profanity included in the films final cut. For his part, Altman himself invented the Last Supper tableau and came up with the idea of Radar talking over Col. Blakes lines very spontaneously on the set.The egalitarian atmosphere of the set and Altmans lack of direction caused difficulties for the films two biggest names, Sutherland and Goul d. The duo, fed up with Altman, unsuccessfully tried to have him fired. The drama threatened to sink MASHs tiny, unorthodox production, which Altman was attempting to sneak through past Fox executives more concerned with big budget pictures Patton and Tora! Tora! Tora! contemporaneously being filmed. Ultimately, Litto and Preminger successfully secured peace on the set. Gould later remarked on the affair: It was like Bob had his whole family together except for me and Donald, who were separate. He was hurt and offended, which I didnt understand. After finding out about the attempted coup from Gould some time after the production, Altman said that if he had known, he would have quit. Such was Altmans creative respect for the actors he didnt quite understand.In the editing process, Altman made a number of important decisions that ultimately influenced the films unique comic pacing. It was in the editing studio that Altman meticulously shuffled the films sound, composing MASHs uniq ue overlapping dialogue and balance of non-diegetic sound. The films fast-paced humor is partially a result of Altmans insertion of quick cuts in the middle of lines of dialogue, usually the reactions of comic straight men essentially, dead weight. Notably, Altman added a loudspeaker because he felt the film needed something for segues.It was out of this freewheeling, isolated little world in hilly Southern California that Altman and his crew together put MASH together, on schedule and under budget. From this novel and rather slapdash production process involving the creative minds of over two dozen people, a lineage traveling from Hornberger to Lardner to Altman to his actors, then back to Altman emanated this wildly successful and influential wartime attack on a plethora of American social, cultural, and political values.***Structurally, MASH is a series of vignettes centered on the experiences of Capt. Hawkeye Pierce in the 4077th MASH unit in Korea. The inciting incident of t he film is Pierces arrival; the film ends with his departure. Yet there is exists, at face value, no conventional plotline which unifies the events depicted in the film. Pierce, with his surgeon friends Trapper John McIntyre and Duke Forrest (both of whom also arrive and depart within the scope of the film), engage in an aimless series of disparate zany antics incited by external events (such as Trapper Johns orders to go to Japan) or their own capacity for mischief (such as when the gang conspires to have Hot Lips, the uptight head nurse, humiliated in the shower). There is simply no overarching, unifying plot to MASH: the audience is simply given bits and pieces of a broader story of these doctors attempting to maintain their sanity through the application of their jocular and uniquely subversive dispositions. The surgeons drink, they golf, they gamble, they prank, and somehow they find time for surgery. Then, one day, they are told that they can go home, and so they leave.In my estimation, MASH can best be divided into six distinct episodes, each more or less featuring its own miniature, unified plot: (1) the Frank Burns sequence, in which Hawkeye, Duke, and Trapper arrive and consequently conspire to get the incompetent surgeon Maj. Burns removed; (2) the Painless Pole/Last Supper sequence, in which the trio helps the camps suicidal dentist; (3) Margarets humiliation/Ho-Jons conscription, a rather interstitial, fragmented series of events in which Hot Lips is humiliated and Hawkeyes Korean houseboy-cum-bartender is drafted; (4) the Japan sequence, where Trapper and Hawkeye go to Japan on a special assignment; (5) the Football sequence, where the MASH unit conspires to win a large sum of money in a football game against the Army team; and (6) the end sequence, a brief series of scenes describing the departure of cast at the wars end.Mirroring the fragmented structure of the film, the moral and political message of MASH is itself is a broad pastiche of acut e social criticism that is, criticism of militarism, of nationalism, of faith, of bureaucracy, of greed, of racism, of repressive social mores, of hypocrisy, and of propaganda held together by the basic relationship between each individual social aspect and war. The films criticism of, for instance, religion is entirely focused on the role of religion in promoting or fostering human conflict. Similarly, the films criticism of greed is predicated on both explicit and implicit suggestions of war profiteering (as well as Hawkeyes subversion of the idea of petty theft as he steals a jeep for no real material benefit of his own).All of these attitudes and institutions that are targets of MASHs satire are not merely figures of the turbulent political atmosphere of the 1960s. Instead, Altmans social critique is a timeless one, one which exists beyond any single conflict. MASH is a film based on a book about the Korean War and modeled by a WWII veteran to attack the causes and functions o f the ongoing Vietnam War. There are no actual references to Korea in the film, with the exception of the opening scrawl added at the behest of studio executives who were balked at the idea of pitching a blatant or even ambiguous attack on the Vietnam War. Yet this was Altmans blatant political intention: to attack the callous attitudes of political and military leaders who blithely conduct warfare seemingly without serious concern for the casualties involved and without candor towards the public;to attack the fervid, all-consuming jingoism which conflates patriotism with unquestioning assent for military expeditions and fosters an obsession with military practices;to attack the conservative institutions of religion which implicitly supports conflict through the commingling of faith and patriotism;to attack a bloated and dysfunctional military bureaucracy, one which places the singular concept of order above all else;to attack a broad range of repressive and outmoded social mores r egarding sexuality, profanity, and vice all rendered inane in the backdrop of death and psychological turmoil on the front lines;to attack the pervasive hypocrisy of those who are guilty of propagating these institutions and social myths;and to attack media specifically propagandistic Hollywood cinema which serve to glamorize and otherwise misrepresent the nature of war.The three military conflicts mentioned above as well as the relevant social politics of the 1960s compose the antecedents and the frame of reference for MASH. Indeed, it was in the backdrop of the Vietnam War and the social upheaval of the 1960s that the film found its staggering success. Yet Altmans forward-looking political message resonates past any single conflict or any particular decade; MASH postulates basic, universal human tendencies which foster nationalistic violence. In essence, MASH is not a film about one specific conflict, whether Vietnam or Korea; on the contrary, it is a piercing vision, rooted in the zeitgeist of 1960s society, of the institutions and social constructs which foster conflict and obfuscate the reality of war. MASH is a film which hails the social revolution of the 1960s as potential saviors of a militaristic American society riddled with corrupt institutions and speaks to a young, radically liberal generation in affirming their suspicions about the hypocrisies and the fallacies of those in charge. It is a film that visually and thematically subverts cinematic conventions in the service of subverting social conventions. And it is a film that legitimizes the faithlessness, the sexual liberation, the vice, and the profound cynicism of this new generation through the constant affirmation that the antidote to a society gone mad is insanity.***I shall go to Korea.- Dwight D. Eisenhower,1952 The first priority foreign policy objective of our next Administration will be to bring an honorable end to the war in Vietnam.- Richard M. Nixon, 1968 Perhaps Richard Nixons vague and entirely untruthful campaign promise of securing an honorable peace in Vietnam was running through when Altmans head when he chose the two quotes that scroll across the screen as Hawkeye is introduced (at the insistence of studio executives who demanded an explicit mention of Korea), one by Douglas MacArthur, the other a version of the Eisenhower quote above. Perhaps Nixons bald-faced lie in 1970, a few months after the release of MASH, Nixon actually extended the war into Cambodia seemed to echo the more truthful pledge made by his erstwhile boss. In November 1952, President-elect Eisenhower indeed physically went to Korea, ultimately securing an armistice with the North Koreans just a few months into his administration barely three years after the start of the war. By contrast, Nixon inherited a far less popular war going on its tenth year.Besides the none-too-subtle comparison between Eisenhower and Nixon, the historicity of the quote casts an ironic light on the fi lm. Hawkeye arrives in Korea, to work against his will in the war effort, as Eisenhower insists that he too will arrive, albeit to secure peace. It thus characterizes Hawkeye as a supporter (or perhaps harbinger) of peace and places this film about events during the Korean War in the interesting situation of being introduced with the events leading to the conflicts end. As well, the Eisenhower quote establishes the sheer transience of the films world: temporary relationships which will end when the characters return home and a mobile encampment in a foreign land that can (and will eventually) be taken down in just a few hours time.The pervasive transience of the films milieu eliminates the significance of the military conflict which serves as the films backdrop. Indeed, one of the pivotal contradictions of MASH is that it is essentially a war film without war; therefore, the films basis entirely subverts the traditional premise of a war film. No battles are depicted in MASH despite the unceasing flow of graphic, bloody casualties into a military hospital just three miles from the front line. Moreover, no gunshots are heard over the course of the entire film, except for the two which are fired from the referees pistol during the football sequence.This contradiction is entirely on display during the films opening credit sequence, in which medical helicopters float ethereally around the Korean hillside, prominently displaying the bloodied, injured soldiers they carry. The opening theme is a folk song with an upbeat melody juxtaposed with mordant lyrics and a perverse message: Suicide is Painless. In this very first sequence, the audience is prepared for the dark, subversive tenor of the film. The juxtaposition of military wounded with a song extolling the virtues of suicide blatantly challenges the social narrative of heroism in war and honor in dying in combat. Moreover, while helicopters as a military implement first gained widespread use during the Korean War , in 1970 they were much more reminiscent of combat in Vietnam, where the dense jungles of Southeast Asia and remoteness of villages necessitated the widespread deployment of combat helicopters. This sequence thus served as a blunt reminder of the grim, asymmetrical warfare transpiring overseas against a resilient enemy scattered across exotic terrain. Additionally, within the film, the helicopter sequence serves to establish the remoteness of the MASH unit itself, as the broad, panoramic shots of the dirty, green-hued camp surrounded by the wooded hillside place the entire film in a singular, isolated location. The distance between the war and the medical unit is another significant aspect established here; these helicopters become in the film a presence signaling the arrival of gravely wounded soldiers from an unseen and unheard conflict.For a film without any war and without any armed violence, there is certainly no paucity of casualties in MASH. The blood-soaked operating scenes are depicted with grim realism. In the production process, these scenes were set up meticulously, with pains taken to find the right hue for the blood; fruit pits and other things for the actors to discover were in fact placed in the bodies being operated on in order to keep the shot rolling. The injured soldiers are a ubiquitous presence in the film, and it is entirely this steady flow of wounded that motivates the doctors presence in Korea. Yet, notably, every one of these soldiers is presented in some comatose state. No wounded man has a single line of dialogue in the film. Moreover, their individual back-stories are totally absent from the film. The circumstances under which any casualty or group of casualties e.g., the name of their unit, which battle they were wounded at, etc. comes to the MASH are never at all addressed. These ubiquitous wounded soldiers are essentially presented entirely as props.In deemphasizing the identities of wounded soldiers, Altman works not to de nigrate them, but instead to strongly suggest the irrelevance of their individual combat experiences. Altman is thus working to deglamorize and demystify warfare by boiling down the very experience of combat to its simple, mortal consequences. The attitude of the doctors towards their work is an aspect which goes hand-in-hand with this deglamorization of war. The doctors only discuss the patients in terms of their medical work, the actual function which saves lives. Moreover, they take a blasà © posture regarding the identities of these wounded. When a nurse insists to Trapper regarding an individual body hes operating on, that man is a prisoner of war, he fires back, So are you, sweetheart, but you just dont know it. While on an explicit level this exchange makes apparent that Trapper doesnt care about the identity of the wounded man (and hence is exclusively concerned with saving the mans life), on a more subtle visual level, the way the bodies are presented give the audience no indication as to which body is on which side thus the question becomes irrelevant, and thus the nurses comment seems petty and misanthropic.The distinct lack of interest in the actual military effort evinced by the attitudes of the doctors is reflected by the comic dialogue of the film, which often capitalizes on platitudinal speech, obsessive behavior, and military metaphors as objects of ridicule. In one of several callback jokes, the commanding officer Col. Blake twice goes off on an absurd speech, once in conversation with General Hammond and later as a pep talk during halftime in the football game. Ever since the dark days before Pearl Harbor, I have been proud to wear this uniform Delivered in a dull fashion, this absurdly militaristic statement something to which, based on Blakes past behavior, the Colonel does not actually subscribe is the closest thing to a Patton-esque address or rallying cry in MASH. Moreover, Blake, with his penchant for fishing, is completely disconn ected from the war effort, except when it affects the number of incoming casualties. Consider this exchange:HAMMOND: I got news for you, Henry. You were so concerned about the Battle for Old Baldy? Well, its all over.BLAKE: Thats great news, General. Who won?The General then abruptly changes the subject, the subtext being both that Hammond would be exuberant about a battle simply being over and that Blake is only passively interested in knowing who won (perhaps his cynicism is from experience). Other instances include Hawkeyes mock-defense of Hot Lips honor How dare you say that about an officer of the United States Army, sir? and the dialogue during Painless Poles Last Supper, a mock funeral held on behalf of the company dentist on the night of his planned suicide attempt:DUKE: Ol Walts going into the unknown, to do a little recon work for us all.HAWKEYE: Nobody ordered Walt to go on this mission. He volunteered for certain death. That is what we award our highest medals toward. Thats what being a soldier is all about.Subsequently, one of the crew members sings a live rendition of Suicide is Painless, again returning to the direct comparison of suicide (i.e. a dishonorable, sinful mode of death) with death in battle (i.e. an honorable end).The doctors disinterest in and open mockery of things like military honors contrasts nicely with the obsessive behavior of Hot Lips, who, after being humiliated in the shower, hysterically demands that Blake punish the doctors or else shell resign her commission. Blake, in bed with a nurse and absolutely unconcerned, immediately calls her bluff:BLAKE: Goddamn it, Hot Lips, resign your goddamn commission.HOT LIPS: [crying] My commission! My commission! My commission! [etc.]The fanaticism over patriotism, order, faith, and success in the ranks exhibited by Hot Lips and Frank Burns is a focal point within the film in which these attitudes intersect in an entirely negative fashion. Frank exhibits an asinine, monomaniacal patr iotism, one which he openly commingles with his faith. The audience is introduced to Frank as he comes out of the barber tent then actually salutes a plane flying overhead. Frank is shortly thereafter shown teaching English to his Korean houseboy Ho-Jon using the Bible as a study text. While Frank appears to be devoting his time to a positive moral pursuit, his actions carry the somewhat unsettling overtones of imperialism and undue proselytization. Franks religious identity is later established in full, as he goes off on a comically long prayer while Hawkeye and Duke crack wise at his expense asking for the safety of our Supreme Commander in the field and our Commander-in-Chief in Washington. Hawkeye and Duke respond by launching into a rendition of Onward Christian Soldiers, which gets picked up by some camp members walking by the tent.At first, Hawkeye and Dukes insulting behavior towards Burns seems cruel. Yet the remainder of the scene offers a strong visual and aural insight into Burns mindset. The camera cuts from the passing crew members to a close-up of Franks anguished eyes. The audience hears the fading sound of the singing be fully drowned out by the very loud (possibly non-diegetic) sound of an overhead aircraft: as a result, Frank looks like hes having a migraine. The emotion on Franks face is unclear from the limited shot the audience receives of his visage: fitting with Franks character, he might be feeling embarrassment, quiet anger, or simply indignity. But perhaps Frank also feels guilt, as that emotion is heavily suggested by this sequence of shots and sounds. The connection between faith and military zeal could not be clearer, and the camp sing-along of Onward Christian Soldiers feeding into the sound of a large aircraft has a profoundly haunting audio quality, exacerbated by the fact that Frank Burns face is the audiences only visual frame of reference. The next scenes dialogue begins with a list of patients waiting for surgery, as if t o suggest that these were soldiers injured in the battle involving the heavy aircraft.Compared to the sky pilot Frank, Father Mulcahy, the actual chaplain, is a much more positive influence. Mulcahy is a soft-spoken, kind, and eternally humble figure in the film, a person who seems genuinely put off by some of the more inappropriate antics of the doctors (e.g., broadcasting the sexual encounter between Frank and Hot Lips over the camps P.A.) yet, unlike Frank, remains entirely friendly to them in spite of it (and in spite of his disrespectful nickname, Dago Red). Mulcahy is thus a sympathetic figure, though his general fecklessness in the film doesnt give him much of a strong moral voice. Mulcahy does actually go along with at least one of the doctors schemes, fretting that he might be compromising his beliefs yet nevertheless deciding to trust the positive aims of Duke and Hawkeye: namely, in giving last rites to a man about to commit fake suicide. In another instance, Mulcahy come s to represent the general ineffectuality of religion per se as he is in the O.R. giving last rites to a dead man when Duke asks him to hold a retractor, to which Mulcahy complies. As Duke explains soberly: Im sorry, Dago, but this mans still alive, and that other man is dead. And thats a fact. In their singular goal of saving lives, the doctors as well overcome the bureaucratic obstacles that are omnipresent in the film. Hawkeye, upon arriving in Korea, encounters his first difficulty when hes brusquely told by the depot manager to wait for his driver to the MASH unit: Hes having his coffee. Duke appears and assumes that Hawkeye is his driver; Hawkeye simply agrees to play along. The two steal the jeep and drive off to the mess tent at the MASH, leaving behind a scene of turmoil as the servicemen at the depot try to mobilize to chase the two down, only to end up physically fighting with each other. This early victory introduces the audience to the basic game of MASH: Hawkeye, Duke, and Trapper regularly subvert military order to get what they want, and the military bureaucracy is either too incompetent or too apathetic to punish them. In general, the doctors arent acting on greed or treasonous intent. Instead, they usually just want to be left to their own devices drinking, gambling, sleeping around, golfing and to be able to practice surgery in peace. With the general support of the camp, their levels of subversion range from Radar stealing Blakes blood due to the militarys failure to provide enough to the events of the entire Japan sequence. In the latter, Hawkeye and Trapper, ostensibly interested in playing golf, go to an Army hospital in Japan in order to operate on a Congressmans son. By using bluster and showcasing their medical skills, the two manage to evade the threat of court-martial at the hands of the almost cartoonishly uptight Col. Merrill, the hospitals commanding officer. Later, Capt. Me Lay Marston, an old friend of Hawkeyes, asks the duo to perform surgery on a half-Japanese, half-American orphan baby in desperate need of care. The two comply, despite military regulation against operating on a native in a U.S. Army hospital. When Merrill appears to arrest the doctors, the men almost unthinkingly proceed to gas him, unwilling to hear another word from the annoying character; later, they blackmail him by putting him in bed with a prostitute and taking photos.The breakdown of military order in the film is thus depicted as a positive development, particularly when the surgeons subvert bureaucratic structures which are decidedly racist or otherwise immoral in the pursuit of unequivocally good aims. On a broader level, the only basic moral force in the film is entirely predicated on the doctors skill and singular pursuit of saving lives. Irrespective of how the doctors go about achieving this aim e.g. through the subversion of established military and social structures the audience entirely supports them, since in the a bsence of a favorably-depicted patriotic force (such as a brave general or a brigade of war heroes) the doctors and their viscerally-depicted work constitute the films only recognizably positive element. In other words, the film doesnt even propose a moral tension or contrast between, say, a military commander wanting to win a bloody battle in a just war and a group of pacifist surgeons wanting to save lives. In MASH, the military effort is so de-legitimized that the only heroes are the doctors and all impediments to their work are unequivocally bad.So powerful is the doctors moral superiority that their propensities for sloth and vice seem completely incidental when viewed in the context of their serious efforts to save lives. The doctors, as well as the rest of the camp, regularly engage in excessive drinking, adultery, gambling, and other acts of licentiousness which flew in the face of the prevalent social mores of both early 1950s and late 1960s America. Moreover, this behavior of the camps doctors and other servicemembers is established in the film as an integral part of their lives in Korea. Perhaps the most visible immorality in which they engage is adultery, something which Hawkeye in particular justifies through the extraordinary circumstances of being thousands of miles away from home in an isolated, foreign place. The Painless Pole sequence in particular showcases simply how ingrained these vices are in the behaviors of the camps inhabitants. On the matter of faithfulness, Painless explains to Hawkeye that he wasnt gonna fool around out here, because I got these three girls that Im engaged to back home, to which Hawkeye begins to reply, And you wanted to be faithful to them, baby, you are seven thousand miles from home. Earlier, Father Mulcahy describes the severity of Painless depression to Hawkeye by explaining that when the prolific gambler Painless was asked for a clarification on a rule of poker, he responded:MULCAHY: What does it matter, its only a game?HAWKEYE: [in disbelief] Painless said, What does it matter, its only a game?'The irony in Hawkeyes disbelief is that to a group of people who hold so little of traditional values sacred e.g., faith, country, Army, etc. gambling is something held in high esteem. Even the highest ranking officer seen in the film, General Hammond, is a gambler, a womanizer, and a drinker; all of this, revealed during the Football sequence, calls into doubt any moral legitimacy of the war effort that might still remain by this point in the film (even if Hammond is not exactly a hypocrite, he is the closest human metonym to the actual combat Army). When propositioning Henry for a football game between his Army team and the MASH team, he remarks:HAMMOND: Special services in Tokyo says its one of the best gimmicks weve got to keep the American way of life going here in Asia.BLAKE: Betting?HAMMOND: No, football!In many ways, this exchange represents more than an explicit critique of both Ameri can society and American pretensions for moral legitimacy. The film, as a whole, suggests that the American way of life necessarily includes a level of vice: of premarital or extramarital sex, of gambling, of drinking, of licentiousness, of drug use. These tendencies are looked upon with approval in the context of the film in part by their connection to the lifestyles of the skilled surgeons. They are held as qualities of barbarism or insanity to moralizers like Burns and Hot Lips, yet its clear enough that the truly insane forces of the film are those which help cause the almost unceasing stream of violence. The vice in which the doctors engage is absolutely the least destructive force in the entire film, and it is part and parcel of their lifestyles in the isolated MASH camp. In short, the insanity is what keeps the doctors sane when surrounded by so much cruel absurdity.The only officers in the MASH unit who are punished in the film are Burns and Hot Lips, both of whom are quickl y revealed to be complete hypocrites. They are both introduced as fervent moralizers and defenders of propriety who look down upon the vices of their fellow soldiers, yet they engage in a willful (and awkward) adulterous act. Clearly, the film does not condemn their adultery, just their hypocrisy and the uneven implementation of their views. Burns appears all too willing to cozy up to violence in the name of faith, yet is willing to violate his own religiosity out of lust. Likewise, Hot Lips is a staunch defender of the violent military structure, yet she violates her own code of conduct for the same reason. By contrast, the other doctors are far more open about their sexual propensities, yet they have no use for war or that which aids conflict. Thus do they profess a superior morality.The fact that the hyper-patriotic Burns and Hot Lips are humiliated and ruined in the film and the licentious doctors rewarded is in itself an extraordinary subversion of cinematic practice. Just one year prior to the filming of MASH, the Hays Production Code was finally ended. Altman apparently took the initiative in capitalizing on this, choosing to include nudity, adultery, open mockery of religion, illegal drug use, excessive alcohol use, homosexuality, profanity, miscegenation, lustful kissing, and explicit depictions of surgery into just one two-hour film. Moreover, the moral or patriotic aspects of the Hays Code were being explicitly challenged in MASH. The sympathy of the audience falls to the apparently sinful, unlawful, and unpatriotic doctors.***In subverting the traditional premise of a war film and in violating the moral codes which once governed the content of war films, MASH places itself as a direct competitor to the propagandistic Hollywood productions of the past. Whereas up to 1970, war films set in the 20th century had primarily focused on World War II (e.g. Patton, Tora! Tora! Tora!, Catch-22 of the same year) or World War I, MASH was placed squarely in the midst of a three-year-long police action which ended in a truce. For a comedy, MASH succeeded in depicting the brutality of war with sharp moral clarity. And, like nearly all great films, it is introspective and self-conscious about the art of filmmaking itself. The film explicitly compares itself to three other war features, contrasting the excessively sunny, made-for-easy-consumption depictions of war of past studio films with the difficult realities of military conflict: death, dysfunction, futility. The unenthusiastic P.A. announcer in MASH describes one such film thus:Attention. Attention. Colonel Blake has secured for us The Halls of Montezuma. So big, only the biggest of the screen can bring it to you all. Technicolor. Tell it to the Marines, those loveable lugs with wonderful mugs so we now love more than ever. Tell em theyre still the greatest guys in the world. Follow Lieutenant, Punchy, Limey, Babyface, Doc, The Poet, Pretty Boy and Slattery through some of the most inter esting war films yet created. Due to a possible camp infection, Arlene Chus Hollywood Grill is now off limits, that is all.And by contrast, MASHs valediction to the world was perhaps the ultimate undersell of a film which trafficked in so much novelty, so much wit, and so keen a perception of the times from which it emerged:Attention. Tonights movie has been MASH. Follow the zany antics of our combat surgeons as they cut and stitch their way along the front lines, operating as bombs and bullets burst around them; snatching laughs and love between amputations and penicillin.

Monday, May 18, 2020

Vygotsky And Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development...

Comparing Vygotsky and Piaget Jayne Enneking Northcentral University Comparing Vygotsky and Piaget Which comes first, the chicken or the egg? Is cognitive development innate or learned? These are two age old questions that have been discusssed extensively. The purpose of this paper is to offer insight into the answer of the latter by briefly comparing and contrasting Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theories. Both psychologists’ theories will be outlined, as will the similarities and differences between the two. Brief Summary of the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky Piaget’s Theory Jean Piaget believed that a child’s development was innate. (Lourenco, 2012). That innate knowledge is primarily solitary. There are opportunities of environmental influences that can adjust the knowledge accordingly. These influences can be interactions with people or inanimate objects. However, the knowledge of what to do in these situations is deeply rooted in the nature of the child. (Lourenco, 2012). As the child matures, there are specific stages that are achieved in a specific progression. It is important to have some social interaction with peers of like intellectual level, but not necessarily like mind, to take the child’s development to the next level. According to Piaget, if there is too much social interaction with peers, who are above the child’s intellectual level, it may accelerate the child’s learning resulting in a negative effect on the child (Lourenco,Show MoreRelatedVygotsky and Piaget Theory - 6 Pages ( Apa Format with Bibliography )1039 Words   |  5 PagesVygotsky and Piaget Theory Vygotsky and Piaget Cognitive development can be described as the process in which a person constructs their thoughts for example, remembering things, problem solving and attention. In this essay I am going to evaluate the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. I will look into the weaknesses and strengths of the theories with supporting evidence and also the similarities and the differences of the two theories. Piaget believed that children develop through theRead MoreChildren At A Psychological Perspective Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesNow, to fully understand cognitive development in children at a psychological perspective we must first look at Jean Piaget, who was titled the most influential contributor to the term throughout the 20th century. According to Huitt, W., Hummel, J. (2003), Piaget â€Å"originally trained in the areas of biology and philosophy and considered himself a genetic epistemologist. He was mainly interested in the biological influences on how we come to know. He believed that what distinguishes human beingsRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky And Language Development In Children1748 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two influential thinkers who have impacted the speech and language pathology field with their key theories. Piaget believed that there are four main stages in a child’s development that lead to a child learning language. Witho ut these stages, Piaget argues that a child cannot cognitively grow at an appropriate pace (Kaderavek, 2105, p. 18 and p. 23). However, Vygotsky argues the Social Interactionist Theory, which states children develop language through social interactingRead MoreLanguage And Development Of Language, Experience, Maturation And Readiness With The Aid Of A Child1143 Words   |  5 Pagesbirth to seven years, a tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also throws light on the importance of culture, experience, maturation and readiness with the aid of theories laid by Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget. Language is explained as the communicationRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life1373 Words   |  6 PagesPositive experiences guide and shape the children’s future and the first few years are considered very important. It helps the brain to develop in a healthy way. Children are born with an innate curiosity to explore the world around them to acquire knowledge. They possess an interest in learning. Hence fostering the innate curiosity is critical during this stage that ensures their future success. Motivation is seen as a drive or curiosity to learn. Motivation directs behavior to accomplish tasks. It alsoRead MorePiaget, Bandura, Bowbly and Vygotsky1850 Words   |  8 PagesPiaget, Bandura, Bowbly and Vygotsky Development is about the customary way that a child acts (Bruce Meggit, 2006). Child development is multidisciplinary. Several researches have put forward theories on the way children developed. These can be divided into the psychoanalytical theories, the learning theories, and the cognitive development theories. In this assignment, I will explain a number of these theories by showing what the theorists had developed. Jean Piaget: (Cognitive-developmentRead MoreFirst And Second Language Acquisition And The Theories Of Literacy Learning And Associated Approaches Essay2275 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this report is to explore the different theories related to first and second language acquisition and the theories of literacy learning and associated approaches. Furthermore, to consider the impact it may have on language learning, how it relates to the role of a language teacher and the implementation of strategies to facilitate and foster effective learning. Rational Language and literacy is a key component for effective social interaction and communication. StrongRead MoreTo What Extent Do the ‘Grand Theories’ Discussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 Take Account of the Role of Social Experiences in Child Development?2467 Words   |  10 PagesTo what extent do the ‘grand theories’ discussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 take account of the role of social experiences in child development? Ask any parent about their child’s development, and they’ll often talk about speech and language development, gross motor skills or even physical growth. But a child’s social development—her ability to interact with other children and adults—is a critical piece of the development puzzle. Children’s Development is a social and cultural as well as a biologicalRead MoreBehaviourist Theory : Cognitive Developmental Theory, And Socio Cultural Theory2694 Words   |  11 PagesThe theories/approaches established by historical and contemporary pioneers provide valuable insight, underpinning the understanding of how children develop, allowing teachers to enhance the holistic development of every child. This essay will analyse the: behaviourist theory; cognitive-developmental theory; and socio-cultural theory. Behaviourist Theory Behaviourists regard behaviour as a response to a stimulus; pioneering the belief that internal cognitive processes are unnecessary when explainingRead MoreLanguage Development4237 Words   |  17 PagesChildren’s language development and second language acquisition Sandra Morales Texas Woman’s University Children’s language development and second language acquisition The paper investigates how children develop their cognitive and language skills in a context that is influenced by social and biological factors. The literature review discusses the Cognitive and Social Constructivism theories and their influence on the education field. In addition the author presents how children develop

Sunday, May 17, 2020

History of Microscopes

A microscope  is an instrument used for viewing objects that are too small to be seen easily by the naked eye. There are many types of microscopes, from the common optical microscope—which uses light to magnify a sample—to the electron microscope, ultramicroscope, and various types of scanning probe microscopes. No matter what kind of microscope youre using, it had to start somewhere. Understand the history of this invention with this microscope timeline. Early Years Circa 1000 CE: The first vision aid, called a reading stone, was created (inventor unknown). It was a glass sphere that magnified reading materials when laid on top of them.Circa 1284: Italian inventor  Salvino DArmate is credited with inventing the first wearable eyeglasses.1590: Two Dutch eyeglass makers, Zacharias Janssen and son Hans Janssen, experimented with multiple lenses placed in a tube. The Janssens observed that objects viewed in front of the tube appeared greatly enlarged, creating both the telescope and the forerunner of the compound microscope.1665: English physicist  Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed pores or cells in it.1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope with only one lens to examine blood, yeast, insects, and many other tiny objects. He was the first person to describe bacteria,  and he also invented new methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses. These techniques allowed for curvatures p roviding magnifications of up to 270 diameters, the best available lenses at that time. 1800s 1830: Joseph Jackson Lister reduced spherical aberration (or the chromatic effect) by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances provided good magnification without blurring the image. This was the prototype for the compound microscope.1872: Ernst Abbe, then research director of the Zeiss Optical Works, wrote a mathematical formula called the Abbe Sine Condition. His formula provided calculations that allowed for the maximum possible resolution in microscopes. 1900s 1903: Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultramicroscope capable of studying  objects below the wavelength of light. For this, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925.1932: Frits Zernike invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials. He won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics for it.1931: Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron microscope, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. An electron microscope depends on electrons rather than light to view an object.  Electrons are sped up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short—only 0.00001 that of white light. Electron microscopes make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom.1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level. They won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for this accomplishment. The powerful scanning t unneling microscope is one of the strongest microscopes to date.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Animal Farm by George Orwell - 866 Words

George Orwells novel, Animal Farm, is regarding a large farm run by a man named Mr. Jones who tends to be drunk and constantly forgets about his animals well being. This leads to the animals revolting and running Mr. Jones off the Manor Farm, thus renaming it Animal Farm. Napoleon, a pig, soon takes charge and creates a society that not all the animals can agree on. After being in power for some time, Napoleon begins to have a harsh course of action and the animals are taken back by this. At the end of the book, Napoleon is seen sitting around the kitchen table arguing with other humans, and the it became apparent that the two were undistinguishable. Mollie, Benjamin, and Boxer are three characters who come to have entirely different views on how Animalism, the idea of rebelling against humans to acquire a utopian animal society, which was put in place by Napoleon. To start, Mollie, the white mare, thrives off human interacts and when the animals take over the farm, she finds herself desiring the aspect of people back in her life. While the animals are inventorying the farm after rebelling against Mr. Jones, Mollie was caught â€Å"holding [Mrs. Jones’ blue ribbon] against her shoulder† while looking admirably at herself in the mirror (Orwell 23). When the animals took over the farm, they all agreed that any sort of behavior portrayed to be of human characteristics was unacceptable. By the act of holding the ribbons against her shoulder, Mollie showed her desire to return toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, G eorge Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigsâ⠂¬â„¢ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who

The English Language Learner (ELL) Assessment Process...

ELL Assessment Process The English Language Learner (ELL) assessment process is different in each state. Each state must assess student’s performance in reading or language arts in order to comply with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). In addition NCLB requires that schools receiving Title III funds annually assess the English Proficiency of all Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students participating in Title III programs. Although the assessments may vary, the goals of the assessments are all the same, to assess where students are as they learn the English language. Is this assessment enough or should alternative assessments be required? In our area of New York State, which is known as the Southern Tier, there are very few ELL†¦show more content†¦The test is designed by teachers and Pearsons, a test development company, and is designed to measure the proficiency of ELLs. The test assess four language modalities; listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It is done over five grade bands; K-1, 2-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-12 and is administered by trained staff members. The test is comprised of; multiple choice questions in listening, reading, and writing. A short written response and an extended written response for the writing area, and an oral response for the oral area, are also required. The oral, written portion of the test is graded by trained teachers, while the multiple choice portion is graded by Pearson. The test is administered in the spring and the results provide students, teachers, and parents with an objective view of the student’s strengths and weaknesses. The listening and speaking scores are combined to obtain an overall scale score, as are the reading and writing scores. The overall performance is determined by the scores in each combined area. A conversion chart is provided in each grade band, to convert the raw score to a scale score. Then depending on where the scale scores land will give you the placement level that the student is at. To move from one level to another both component scores must land in the upper level range. A student, who advances in only oneShow MoreRelatedEnglish Language Learners ( Ells )1269 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish language learners (ELLs) are people who have to acquire a second additional language and culture. In another words, ELLs are people who do not speak English as their first language. According to the National Center for Educat ional Statistics (2014), the percentage of public school students in the United States who were English language learners was higher in school year 2012–13 (9.2 percent, or an estimated 4.4 million students) than in 2002–03 (8.7 percent, or an estimated 4.1 million students)Read MoreCapstone Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding specific English language learners needs guided the choice of instructional strategies to support the content and language learning. It is essential to understand English language learners’ needs because ELL students face the combined challenge of learning all the academic content as other students, while also learning the language of instruction. With the rapid growth in the size of the ELL student population in the U.S., teachers who are effective recognizes ELL students unique academicRead MoreEssay about Placing English Language Learners in Special Education1182 Words   |  5 PagesWhen do English language learners need to be placed in special education? In the United States, there has been an increase in in the number of children from Spanish speaking backgrounds. The English Language Learners, commonly known as ELL’s, are being placed in Special Education without being properly tested for a learning disability. However there are a large number of ELL’s with learning disabilities in elementary grades that truly have a learning disability and are over looked. Many schoolRead MoreEffects of High-Stakes Testing on English Language Learners913 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish language learners enrollment in the Council member districts has remained relatively stable over the past several years. In 2007-08, 1.1 million ELLs were enrolled in urban schools, accounting for 16.5 percent of total district enrollment. In 2009–10, 1.2 million ELLs were enrolled, accounting for 17.5 percent of total district enrollment (Uro Barrio, p. 26, 2013). The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 required students in grades three thr ough eight to be tested every year in readingRead MoreEnglish Language Challenges957 Words   |  4 PagesWith the rise of English language learner population, schools across the America come across many challenges in supporting and providing the appropriate curriculum and materials for their English language learner students (Blazer 6). This section will discuss the challenges and issues that educators face when serving English learners. Summary Thi Diem Hang Khong and Eisuke Saito examine types of challenges that educators will come across when teaching English learner students. They categorize theseRead MoreThe Fastest Growing Subgroup Of The Nation Are English Language Learners1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe fastest growing subgroup in the nation are English Language Learners (ELLs). Over a period of 10 years, from 1995 to 2005, ELL students grew over 60% (Wolf, Herman, Bachman, Bailey, Griffin, 2008). Since 1980, the number of residents aged five years and older that speak a language other than English at home has more than doubled. Fewer than half of these residents are proficient in English. Utah is showing similar trends in population as it is growing more ethnically and racially diverseRead MoreImplementing A Major Ell Program969 Words   |  4 PagesImplementing a Major ELL Program â€Å"Successful program models for promoting the academic achievement of language minority students are those that enable these students to develop academic skills while learning English. The best program organization is one that is tailored to meet the linguistic, academic, and emotional needs of students; provides language minority students with the instruction necessary to allow them to progress through school at a rate commensurate with their native-English-speaking peers;Read MoreEll Assessments1208 Words   |  5 PagesELLs Assessments The mission of North Carolina Department of Education schools is to ensure that all students are accepted in the educational system. It is also the mission of NCDE to give every student the opportunity to receive the highest quality education possible. Due to the fact that immigrant students are the fastest and largest growing population in schools in the United States, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive plan that will identify and meet the needs of the English Language learnersRead MoreFlorida Is A State Composed Of Diverse Cultures And Languages997 Words   |  4 Pagescultures and languages. Prior to 1990 there were not any modifications or accommodations in the classroom for English Language Learners (ELL), which had become an increasing issue. During this decade Florida was the third largest state with residents that were not native-born. Historically, Florida has become the home for many individuals who migrated from Central and Latin America (MacDonald, 2004). Accordin g to the Consent Decree (n.d.), the Florida English speakers of other languages (ESOL) ConsentRead MoreSheltered Instruction For Native English Language Learners Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesan approach to teach English language learners which integrates language and content instruction. To develop grade-level content area knowledge, academic skills, and increase English proficiency. Sheltered English Instruction has been used since the 1980’s, and the way the connection was made with English learners, was when students were considered â€Å"sheltered† because they studied in classes separate from â€Å" the mainstream† and did not compete academically with native English speakers. Today the majority