Vygotsky And Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development...

Comparing Vygotsky and Piaget Jayne Enneking Northcentral University Comparing Vygotsky and Piaget Which comes first, the chicken or the egg? Is cognitive development innate or learned? These are two age old questions that have been discusssed extensively. The purpose of this paper is to offer insight into the answer of the latter by briefly comparing and contrasting Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theories. Both psychologists’ theories will be outlined, as will the similarities and differences between the two. Brief Summary of the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky Piaget’s Theory Jean Piaget believed that a child’s development was innate. (Lourenco, 2012). That innate knowledge is primarily solitary. There are opportunities of environmental influences that can adjust the knowledge accordingly. These influences can be interactions with people or inanimate objects. However, the knowledge of what to do in these situations is deeply rooted in the nature of the child. (Lourenco, 2012). As the child matures, there are specific stages that are achieved in a specific progression. It is important to have some social interaction with peers of like intellectual level, but not necessarily like mind, to take the child’s development to the next level. According to Piaget, if there is too much social interaction with peers, who are above the child’s intellectual level, it may accelerate the child’s learning resulting in a negative effect on the child (Lourenco,Show MoreRelatedVygotsky and Piaget Theory - 6 Pages ( Apa Format with Bibliography )1039 Words   |  5 PagesVygotsky and Piaget Theory Vygotsky and Piaget Cognitive development can be described as the process in which a person constructs their thoughts for example, remembering things, problem solving and attention. In this essay I am going to evaluate the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. I will look into the weaknesses and strengths of the theories with supporting evidence and also the similarities and the differences of the two theories. Piaget believed that children develop through theRead MoreChildren At A Psychological Perspective Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesNow, to fully understand cognitive development in children at a psychological perspective we must first look at Jean Piaget, who was titled the most influential contributor to the term throughout the 20th century. According to Huitt, W., Hummel, J. (2003), Piaget â€Å"originally trained in the areas of biology and philosophy and considered himself a genetic epistemologist. He was mainly interested in the biological influences on how we come to know. He believed that what distinguishes human beingsRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky And Language Development In Children1748 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two influential thinkers who have impacted the speech and language pathology field with their key theories. Piaget believed that there are four main stages in a child’s development that lead to a child learning language. Witho ut these stages, Piaget argues that a child cannot cognitively grow at an appropriate pace (Kaderavek, 2105, p. 18 and p. 23). However, Vygotsky argues the Social Interactionist Theory, which states children develop language through social interactingRead MoreLanguage And Development Of Language, Experience, Maturation And Readiness With The Aid Of A Child1143 Words   |  5 Pagesbirth to seven years, a tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also throws light on the importance of culture, experience, maturation and readiness with the aid of theories laid by Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget. Language is explained as the communicationRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life1373 Words   |  6 PagesPositive experiences guide and shape the children’s future and the first few years are considered very important. It helps the brain to develop in a healthy way. Children are born with an innate curiosity to explore the world around them to acquire knowledge. They possess an interest in learning. Hence fostering the innate curiosity is critical during this stage that ensures their future success. Motivation is seen as a drive or curiosity to learn. Motivation directs behavior to accomplish tasks. It alsoRead MorePiaget, Bandura, Bowbly and Vygotsky1850 Words   |  8 PagesPiaget, Bandura, Bowbly and Vygotsky Development is about the customary way that a child acts (Bruce Meggit, 2006). Child development is multidisciplinary. Several researches have put forward theories on the way children developed. These can be divided into the psychoanalytical theories, the learning theories, and the cognitive development theories. In this assignment, I will explain a number of these theories by showing what the theorists had developed. Jean Piaget: (Cognitive-developmentRead MoreFirst And Second Language Acquisition And The Theories Of Literacy Learning And Associated Approaches Essay2275 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this report is to explore the different theories related to first and second language acquisition and the theories of literacy learning and associated approaches. Furthermore, to consider the impact it may have on language learning, how it relates to the role of a language teacher and the implementation of strategies to facilitate and foster effective learning. Rational Language and literacy is a key component for effective social interaction and communication. StrongRead MoreTo What Extent Do the ‘Grand Theories’ Discussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 Take Account of the Role of Social Experiences in Child Development?2467 Words   |  10 PagesTo what extent do the ‘grand theories’ discussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 take account of the role of social experiences in child development? Ask any parent about their child’s development, and they’ll often talk about speech and language development, gross motor skills or even physical growth. But a child’s social development—her ability to interact with other children and adults—is a critical piece of the development puzzle. Children’s Development is a social and cultural as well as a biologicalRead MoreBehaviourist Theory : Cognitive Developmental Theory, And Socio Cultural Theory2694 Words   |  11 PagesThe theories/approaches established by historical and contemporary pioneers provide valuable insight, underpinning the understanding of how children develop, allowing teachers to enhance the holistic development of every child. This essay will analyse the: behaviourist theory; cognitive-developmental theory; and socio-cultural theory. Behaviourist Theory Behaviourists regard behaviour as a response to a stimulus; pioneering the belief that internal cognitive processes are unnecessary when explainingRead MoreLanguage Development4237 Words   |  17 PagesChildren’s language development and second language acquisition Sandra Morales Texas Woman’s University Children’s language development and second language acquisition The paper investigates how children develop their cognitive and language skills in a context that is influenced by social and biological factors. The literature review discusses the Cognitive and Social Constructivism theories and their influence on the education field. In addition the author presents how children develop

History of Microscopes

A microscope  is an instrument used for viewing objects that are too small to be seen easily by the naked eye. There are many types of microscopes, from the common optical microscope—which uses light to magnify a sample—to the electron microscope, ultramicroscope, and various types of scanning probe microscopes. No matter what kind of microscope youre using, it had to start somewhere. Understand the history of this invention with this microscope timeline. Early Years Circa 1000 CE: The first vision aid, called a reading stone, was created (inventor unknown). It was a glass sphere that magnified reading materials when laid on top of them.Circa 1284: Italian inventor  Salvino DArmate is credited with inventing the first wearable eyeglasses.1590: Two Dutch eyeglass makers, Zacharias Janssen and son Hans Janssen, experimented with multiple lenses placed in a tube. The Janssens observed that objects viewed in front of the tube appeared greatly enlarged, creating both the telescope and the forerunner of the compound microscope.1665: English physicist  Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed pores or cells in it.1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope with only one lens to examine blood, yeast, insects, and many other tiny objects. He was the first person to describe bacteria,  and he also invented new methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses. These techniques allowed for curvatures p roviding magnifications of up to 270 diameters, the best available lenses at that time. 1800s 1830: Joseph Jackson Lister reduced spherical aberration (or the chromatic effect) by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances provided good magnification without blurring the image. This was the prototype for the compound microscope.1872: Ernst Abbe, then research director of the Zeiss Optical Works, wrote a mathematical formula called the Abbe Sine Condition. His formula provided calculations that allowed for the maximum possible resolution in microscopes. 1900s 1903: Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultramicroscope capable of studying  objects below the wavelength of light. For this, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925.1932: Frits Zernike invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials. He won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics for it.1931: Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron microscope, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. An electron microscope depends on electrons rather than light to view an object.  Electrons are sped up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short—only 0.00001 that of white light. Electron microscopes make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom.1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level. They won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for this accomplishment. The powerful scanning t unneling microscope is one of the strongest microscopes to date.

Animal Farm by George Orwell - 866 Words

George Orwells novel, Animal Farm, is regarding a large farm run by a man named Mr. Jones who tends to be drunk and constantly forgets about his animals well being. This leads to the animals revolting and running Mr. Jones off the Manor Farm, thus renaming it Animal Farm. Napoleon, a pig, soon takes charge and creates a society that not all the animals can agree on. After being in power for some time, Napoleon begins to have a harsh course of action and the animals are taken back by this. At the end of the book, Napoleon is seen sitting around the kitchen table arguing with other humans, and the it became apparent that the two were undistinguishable. Mollie, Benjamin, and Boxer are three characters who come to have entirely different views on how Animalism, the idea of rebelling against humans to acquire a utopian animal society, which was put in place by Napoleon. To start, Mollie, the white mare, thrives off human interacts and when the animals take over the farm, she finds herself desiring the aspect of people back in her life. While the animals are inventorying the farm after rebelling against Mr. Jones, Mollie was caught â€Å"holding [Mrs. Jones’ blue ribbon] against her shoulder† while looking admirably at herself in the mirror (Orwell 23). When the animals took over the farm, they all agreed that any sort of behavior portrayed to be of human characteristics was unacceptable. By the act of holding the ribbons against her shoulder, Mollie showed her desire to return toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, G eorge Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigsâ⠂¬â„¢ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who

The English Language Learner (ELL) Assessment Process...

ELL Assessment Process The English Language Learner (ELL) assessment process is different in each state. Each state must assess student’s performance in reading or language arts in order to comply with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). In addition NCLB requires that schools receiving Title III funds annually assess the English Proficiency of all Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students participating in Title III programs. Although the assessments may vary, the goals of the assessments are all the same, to assess where students are as they learn the English language. Is this assessment enough or should alternative assessments be required? In our area of New York State, which is known as the Southern Tier, there are very few ELL†¦show more content†¦The test is designed by teachers and Pearsons, a test development company, and is designed to measure the proficiency of ELLs. The test assess four language modalities; listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It is done over five grade bands; K-1, 2-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-12 and is administered by trained staff members. The test is comprised of; multiple choice questions in listening, reading, and writing. A short written response and an extended written response for the writing area, and an oral response for the oral area, are also required. The oral, written portion of the test is graded by trained teachers, while the multiple choice portion is graded by Pearson. The test is administered in the spring and the results provide students, teachers, and parents with an objective view of the student’s strengths and weaknesses. The listening and speaking scores are combined to obtain an overall scale score, as are the reading and writing scores. The overall performance is determined by the scores in each combined area. A conversion chart is provided in each grade band, to convert the raw score to a scale score. Then depending on where the scale scores land will give you the placement level that the student is at. To move from one level to another both component scores must land in the upper level range. A student, who advances in only oneShow MoreRelatedEnglish Language Learners ( Ells )1269 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish language learners (ELLs) are people who have to acquire a second additional language and culture. In another words, ELLs are people who do not speak English as their first language. According to the National Center for Educat ional Statistics (2014), the percentage of public school students in the United States who were English language learners was higher in school year 2012–13 (9.2 percent, or an estimated 4.4 million students) than in 2002–03 (8.7 percent, or an estimated 4.1 million students)Read MoreCapstone Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding specific English language learners needs guided the choice of instructional strategies to support the content and language learning. It is essential to understand English language learners’ needs because ELL students face the combined challenge of learning all the academic content as other students, while also learning the language of instruction. With the rapid growth in the size of the ELL student population in the U.S., teachers who are effective recognizes ELL students unique academicRead MoreEssay about Placing English Language Learners in Special Education1182 Words   |  5 PagesWhen do English language learners need to be placed in special education? In the United States, there has been an increase in in the number of children from Spanish speaking backgrounds. The English Language Learners, commonly known as ELL’s, are being placed in Special Education without being properly tested for a learning disability. However there are a large number of ELL’s with learning disabilities in elementary grades that truly have a learning disability and are over looked. Many schoolRead MoreEffects of High-Stakes Testing on English Language Learners913 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish language learners enrollment in the Council member districts has remained relatively stable over the past several years. In 2007-08, 1.1 million ELLs were enrolled in urban schools, accounting for 16.5 percent of total district enrollment. In 2009–10, 1.2 million ELLs were enrolled, accounting for 17.5 percent of total district enrollment (Uro Barrio, p. 26, 2013). The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 required students in grades three thr ough eight to be tested every year in readingRead MoreEnglish Language Challenges957 Words   |  4 PagesWith the rise of English language learner population, schools across the America come across many challenges in supporting and providing the appropriate curriculum and materials for their English language learner students (Blazer 6). This section will discuss the challenges and issues that educators face when serving English learners. Summary Thi Diem Hang Khong and Eisuke Saito examine types of challenges that educators will come across when teaching English learner students. They categorize theseRead MoreThe Fastest Growing Subgroup Of The Nation Are English Language Learners1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe fastest growing subgroup in the nation are English Language Learners (ELLs). Over a period of 10 years, from 1995 to 2005, ELL students grew over 60% (Wolf, Herman, Bachman, Bailey, Griffin, 2008). Since 1980, the number of residents aged five years and older that speak a language other than English at home has more than doubled. Fewer than half of these residents are proficient in English. Utah is showing similar trends in population as it is growing more ethnically and racially diverseRead MoreImplementing A Major Ell Program969 Words   |  4 PagesImplementing a Major ELL Program â€Å"Successful program models for promoting the academic achievement of language minority students are those that enable these students to develop academic skills while learning English. The best program organization is one that is tailored to meet the linguistic, academic, and emotional needs of students; provides language minority students with the instruction necessary to allow them to progress through school at a rate commensurate with their native-English-speaking peers;Read MoreEll Assessments1208 Words   |  5 PagesELLs Assessments The mission of North Carolina Department of Education schools is to ensure that all students are accepted in the educational system. It is also the mission of NCDE to give every student the opportunity to receive the highest quality education possible. Due to the fact that immigrant students are the fastest and largest growing population in schools in the United States, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive plan that will identify and meet the needs of the English Language learnersRead MoreFlorida Is A State Composed Of Diverse Cultures And Languages997 Words   |  4 Pagescultures and languages. Prior to 1990 there were not any modifications or accommodations in the classroom for English Language Learners (ELL), which had become an increasing issue. During this decade Florida was the third largest state with residents that were not native-born. Historically, Florida has become the home for many individuals who migrated from Central and Latin America (MacDonald, 2004). Accordin g to the Consent Decree (n.d.), the Florida English speakers of other languages (ESOL) ConsentRead MoreSheltered Instruction For Native English Language Learners Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesan approach to teach English language learners which integrates language and content instruction. To develop grade-level content area knowledge, academic skills, and increase English proficiency. Sheltered English Instruction has been used since the 1980’s, and the way the connection was made with English learners, was when students were considered â€Å"sheltered† because they studied in classes separate from â€Å" the mainstream† and did not compete academically with native English speakers. Today the majority

Essay Robots free essay sample

Robots are the largest growing technological devices in the world. They perform many functions ranging from space exploration to entertainment. In the following essay the functions of robots, the various types of robots and the advantages and disadvantages of using robots will be discussed. The reasons for using robots are almost endless for example; robots are ideal for jobs that require repetitive, precise movements. Human workers get bored doing the same thing over and over, which can lead to fatigue, RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury, and costly mistakes. Robots are also ideal for tasks that are dangerous, or where human workers may damage the product. For example, in a factory manufacturing medicines and chemicals that may harm humans and factories that manufacture food that humans may damage by handling. Also used in task. Robots are great machines. It has a lot of advantages. Many benefits of robots seem to be most noticeable in productivity, safety and in saving time and Money. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Robots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page   .Robots produces more accurate and high quality work .Robots rarely makes mistakes and are more precise than human workers . They can produce a greater quantity in a short amount of time . They can work at a constant speed with no breaks, days off or holiday time . They can perform applications with more repeatability than humans. .Robots saves workers from performing dangerous tasks They can work in hazardous conditions, such as poor lighting, toxic chemicals, or tight spaces . They are capable of lifting heavy loads without injury or tiring . Robots increase worker safety by preventing accidents since humans are not performing risky jobs SAVINGS .Robots saves time by being able to produce a greater magnitude of products . They also reduce the amount of wasted material used due to their accuracy . Robots saves companies money in the long run with quick return on investment, fewer worker injuries and with using less material. The list of the advantages of robots does not end the re; they have also created jobs for worker. Many people believe the misconception that robots have taken away jobs from workers,but that is not necessarily true. Robots have created new jobs for those who were once on production lines with programming. You need to get people trained to fix them if anything wrong happens . Need a very intelligent crew .They can ruin people’s lives E. g. Take their job away from them . They are very expensive to make You need the right materials to make them that could be very rare . If you make a very amazing robot with amazing quality and it brakes, it might be very hard to fix . They can be very hard to programmed .They can reproduce but it could cost money for the materials . You needs highly trained people to make them .They can’t recharge them   The future of robots is looking bright, with the technology advancing day by day. A new medical robot, called the Da Vinci Surgical Robot, is making its way to hospitals around the world, with its price high as much as 1. million dollars. The stocks of the company that made these robots skyrocketed on the day they announced this robot, showing how many people are actually looking forward to the ever-growing robot technologies. This robot , which has cameras and sockets for the surgeons to put their hands in, allows for precise surgeries and some magnification of the patient. This robot already performed many surgeries in 2007, and the company is looking at about a 55% increase in its use in 2008. â€Å"Green† robots are also being made and used for environmental purposes. The glider, a seagoing robot that uses heat energy has recently crossed the 12,000 ft deep Virgin Islands on its own, making its developers and scientists able to use information such as the underwater life and etc. This battery powered robot gets energy from different water temperatures under water, so the engineers say that â€Å"We are tapping a virtually unlimited energy source for propulsion†. There is also a Dutch robot called the â€Å"TankPitstop† that fills the gas in people’s cars without any help. Samsung, an electronics company, is making a security robot that detects danger and shoots at them. Armies around the globe are thinking of using robots for scouting, fighting, or spying methods, so it is proven that the Robotic industry is growing faster and faster. Robotic surgeries – not like the surgical robots, but for limb replacements – is getting popular too, with people without some body parts buying the corresponding robot, connecting them to his/her body, and using them. These robots use signals from your brains to move, allowing the users to use the robotic limbs like real body parts. Although the robots seem to give benefits to the world by allowing for easy jobs, people also say negative elements about them. For example, the Da Vinci surgical robot, which allows doctors to conduct precise operations, might have malfunctions that could do fatal damage on the patients. The TankPitstop and the pro-environment underwater robot could make people lose jobs by getting rid of jobs such as gas station workers or underwater-exploring divers. The Security robot, that detects and shoots interrupters, maybe harmful in that it might shoot innocent people. With the robotic limbs, some people believe that they might cause electrical shock sin the body that could possibly kill people. Although the problem with the losing jobs may seem very negative, it can be solved. Even though people will be losing jobs because of the robots, they could get new jobs such as engineers that check and fix the robots like TankPitstop. With the diving robots, people can study the robots so that they could utilize them to see what’s happening underwater, since the robot only explores the ocean. The security robots that are being made could be armed with special bullets that don’t harm or damage anybody, instead capturing people. Also with the Da Vinci surgical robot, doctors don’t really have to use them, so they could make some consent forms – like they do for many treatments that could potentially kill the patients – so that people could sign and agree whether or not they would like to use the robots to aid their surgeries. The robotic limbs, that people are worried that they might give electrical shocks, are actually connected to body with electricity – resistant material to prevent those kinds of accidents. Even though many of these robots possess these problems, as they say, there’s an answer to everything. Just like how the robots were made with the people’s imaginations, the robots’ problems can be fixed with the imaginations of both the consumer and the producers. People are protesting on how the government or major corporations shouldn’t invest in robot-tech because these robots will only bring negative impacts to the society because of their flaws, but the irony about this is that as robotic technology advances with further support from major businesses, these flaws will not only get fixed, but removed all together allowing for a more positive future for both robots and humans. Nowadays, we use them in all area. Because they are excellent inventions. Only we need to install the software and programs for robots the the robots can do almost everything. E. g. cleaning, security, carrying, packaging, painting, searching etc. But I will discuss â€Å"Robots can play football† Because I have joined a project about it in Istanbul. The Project names is   and have a big Project about it in 2050. Firstly I want to talk my experience. A person gave training to us during three days for robot’s software. He shared his experience to us and he has company about robots so he knows everything about them that’s why the training was very useful. Last day of Project We had a competition each other. We changed some of the algorithms the robot’s software to change the style of the robot hit the ball. My team was second in the competition and many television channel came in there so this Project was very important for me . Now,I want to talk about big Project and I will give some information’s about Soccer-playing robots Soccer-playing robots gather each year at Robocup, an international event that draws over 100 teams from 35 countries. Robotic players use radio signals to coordinate with their teammates to chase down the ball, pass, and shoot goals. Teams are placed in divisions based on size, ranging from the size of a pizza box. There’s also a division of teams made up entirely of AIBOs, Sony’s robotic dog. By 2050, the organizers of RoboCup want to develop a team of fully autonomous humanoid robots that can beat the human world champion team in soccer. Like human forms of play, robot play is far from pointless. A hard-playing robot is not much different than a hard-working robot. Both involve design challenges and the need to coordinate sensors, artificial muscle, intelligent programming, and the efficient use of power. CONCLUSION The technology involved in robotics is growing every day. In the futures who knows what will come of robots. Eventually, we may never have to work again, and robots may be doing everything for us. Although this does not sound too good, it will be advantageous in the long run. Although robots will be taking our jobs, they will at the same time be opening up new ones. The field of robotics is a very large one, and will be growing for many years to come.

Strategic Management for Formulation and Implementation

Question: Discuss about the case study Strategic Management for Formulation and Implementation. Answer: Introduction Nestle is a Swiss multinational food company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. It is involved in supply nutritional and health related products and is the largest food company in terms of revenue. Its products include food products, baby products, chocolates, cereals, pet foods, snacks and many more items. Then operation of Nestle is spread in eighty-six countries that have four hundred and sixty one factories. The company came into existence in the year 1866 (Moura et al. 2015). Success of the company depends on its strategies itself. It is essential for the company to develop the strategies wisely in order to achieve its goals and objectives. Analyzing the performance of competitors in the market is essential for successful performance. It is essential for the company to analyze the external factors that affect the organization. The external factor is analyzed discussing industry competitive, threats and opportunities of the organization. Internal factor is analyzed to know the capability of the company to handle the resources efficiently (Eden and Ackermann 2013). Mission, vision, objectives The main vision of Nestle Company is to satisfy the needs of the consumers by providing them high quality goods and service as per their need. The mission is to provide best quality goods to its consumers from primary produce to suppliers to transportation to packaging (Nestle.com 2016). The mission is to provide nutritional food to consumers to meet the psychological needs of the consumers. The goods are provided based on lifestyle and individual taste and preference. The company aims at being one of the leading food and Beverage Company in Caribbean region. The company ensures that the good that reaches the consumers are available at competitive prices and maintains the long-term profitability and viability of the organization (Moura et al. 2015). Nestles purpose is to safe, tasty, convenient and nutritious foods to its consumers in order to improve health and well-being of the clients of all ages. The company uses the Research and development technique to fulfill its aims and objectives so that it able to develop a new product with specific health benefits. Nestle is friendly and efficient organization whose primary focus is on consumers. Customer satisfaction is the top most priority of the organization. It is also in tune with the corporate and social world and care for the environment as well. The company provided good working conditions to its employees with great benefits in order to keep the employees happy and satisfied. The company employs approximately 3330,000 employees (Kabir 2014). It is an innovative company aims at capturing the major market share across the globe. Figure: Logo of Nestle Company (Source: Nestle.com 2016). Environmental analysis PESTLE analysis Pestle analysis is a model that is used to analyze the external factors that affect the business. Figure: Pestle analysis (Source: Yksel 2012) Political/legal factors: Political factors play an important role in food industry. The products that Nestle supplies comes with a seal of guarantee that the product that the company provides is manufactured under hygienic condition. Strict quality control in food sector plays an essential role (Dey 2016). Economic factors: Nestle company helps the entrepreneurs compete in new free trade environment that ultimately helps the industry to grow in the market. The company collaborates with the government to provide technical assistance to farmers. The company helps the farmers for its benefit. The company will get good raw material for the production of products, which it does not have to import of the local farmers, are able to produce the product (Rachet 2014). Social factors: various social factors such as lifestyle income, status, and gender affect the buying behavior of the consumers. The aim of the company is to provide healthy food to its consumers that will promote well being. People are becoming socially conscious and prefer healthy foods rather than junk foods. Mainly the lifestyle and attitude of people affects the purchasing of products provided by Nestle (Dey 2016). Technological factors: the use of technology is increasing and capturing the major part of the market share. Nestle can use the technology for it benefit to promote the products in a global world. It also helps the company connect to its other branches in other countries. Information can be extracted from the use of technology that helps in research and development of a product (Dey 2016). Porters five forces Porters five forces model is used to analyze the competitive environment and the industry issues that is discusses as follows. Figure: Porter five forces (Source: E. Dobbs 2014). Threat of new entrants: the food and beverage company is very large and competitive in nature. Many industries enter the market to earn profit and gain a portion of market share. Nestle has an advantage as it is a long established industry that supplies high quality product. It has obtained a considerable portion of market share. Hence, it is difficult for the new industries to seize the market share of Nestle Company. The threat of new entrants is moderate for the organization (Coombs and Holladay 2012). Bargaining power of supplier: The Company has maintained a positive relationship with its suppliers. Nestle holds more bargaining power than it suppliers due to high purchasing power. The advice of nestle is beneficial for the suppliers as it helps them manage the work efficiently to minimize unnecessary cost (E. Dobbs 2014). Bargaining power of buyer: consumer bargaining power to purchase product is strong. The preference of consumers is influential due to presence of substitute products. Consumer satisfaction plays an important role for the company. Its main aim is to promote health and well-being of consumers (E. Dobbs 2014). Threat of substitute products: the products provided by the company have a threat from substitute of products. There are various substitute products available that increases the competition for the industry. The only way company can achieve competitive advantage is by improving the product that it provides (Rachet 2014). Industry rivalry: Nestle faces a strong competition from its rivals such as Kraft, Unilever and many more. The purpose of all the companies is to outperform each other in the global world. The nature of rivalry is fierce in food processing industry. This gives a power to consumers as they get a better product (E. Dobbs 2014). Nestle is in a competitive position due to its establishment and the product that it provides to its customers. The model depicts that nestle models a moderate threat from new entrants and substantial threat from substitute products (Rachet 2014). Threats and opportunities of Nestle Opportunities: The opportunities of Nestle Company are high credibility. It has a potential to expand to smaller towns as there are very less industries that like to provide goods in smaller towns. The other opportunities that the company has to expand its business are improving trends, industry leadership, increase in number of partners and diversity of products and offerings (Hill et al. 2014). Threats: The major threat that the company face is from its competitors. The prices of raw materials are also increasing that is increasing the threat for the company. the main rivals of the company are Kraft, Master foods and Unilever. The company has threats from the substitute products and bargaining power of buyers (Wolf 2014). Capability analysis Capabilities of Nestle Capability analysis helps in analyzing the power of the company to manage the scarce resource efficiently. The capabilities of the organization are used in many activities and sectors such as marketing, RD, management and, manufacturing. It is used to exchange information and knowledge through the human capital in specific functional areas (Hitt et al. 2012). Capabilities of nestle is discussed as follows: Distribution: the distribution sector of the company is very efficient as it transports 100,000 tones of products everyday from factories to consumers. The distribution channel of the company is managed to avoid emission of green house gases and protect the environment (Johnson et al. 2013). Human resources: the company employs 330,000 employees from all across the world. The company is involved in providing training to its employees to increase the performance of employees. Management information system: information technology manages the system efficiently. Marketing: the brand name of company is very famous whose target is to meet the taste of consumers. The advertisement technique of the company includes use of television, radio, newspaper and internet. Management: the company has a board of directors that is very efficient in their operations. The day-to-day working is handled by the executive board members and department heads (Sethi 2012). Manufacturing: the company is indulged in providing large and diversified products to its customers. RD: Nestle is the first company to sterilize milk site to develop milk products and processes. The product technology centre is expanded to boost the research and development. It helps in developing innovative technologies to manage the operations worldwide (Johnson et al. 2013). Strengths and weaknesses The main weakness of the Nestle Company is that it has large number of distribution channels. Lack of direct market reduces the profit of the organization. Less availability of raw materials increases the problem for the company. Its customers love the products provided by the company. It is a leader in innovation and renovation as it has engaged in developing many new products with health benefits for the customers (Sethi 2012). VRIO framework Value, Rarity, Imitability and Organization (VRIO) is a business tool that helps the industry develops strategies. VRIO analysis is an internal analysis tool that helps the industry analyze the internal strengths, weaknesses and resources. Figure: VRIO framework (Source: Johnson et al. 2013) Valuable: the first analysis is whether the use of resources adds the value to the firm in the sense that it helps the firms defend against threat or not. Resource are said to be valuable if the customer value increases. This is achieved by using the differentiation policy to provide the good at lower prices to customer (Ltkenhaus and de Freitas 2016). Rare: resources that are available to only few industries are said to rare. Since Nestle Company helps the farmers, so it gets the raw material that is fresh in nature. Imitate imitating the products that have been developed by other industries is costly if the company does not have proper access to resources and technology. Nestle is known for its innovation and renovation. Organized: the operations of the industry should be organized in order to capture value and increase the reputation of the company. Management of the organization is important in order to achieve competitive advantage (Ltkenhaus and de Freitas 2016). Competitive implication The competition of the food-processing unit is strong. The competitive position of Nestle Company is good due to strong establishment that the company has set. The consumers love the products that the company provides. The company is also successful in maintaining the brand loyalty. It is a leader in innovation and renovation. Its core competencies are the products that the company provides and the brand name that it has established (Babatunde and Adebisi 2012). Proposed strategy SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a business tool used to analyze the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the organization. Figure: SWOT analysis (Source: Soni 2015) Strengths: the company has a very long history of over 140 years. The operation of the company is spread across seventy-seven countries. It is considered as a leader in innovation as its RD activities very developed. The company is involved in providing a diverse range of products that is healthy and nutritious in nature. The CEO of the company is very efficient in its management of operations. The company has strong workforce of 330,000 employees that work to achieve and accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization (Nestle 2013). Weakness: the companys weaknesses are that it has a large distribution networks for products. The company sometimes lack in raw material especially during the time of low harvest or crop failure. The consumer research is less in few areas. The brand name and equity is hampered due to health-based products. The main weakness arises due to increase in tough competition from the food products. The company has threat of new entrant and threat from substitute products. Threats: the threat of the company is form its rivals or the competitors. The prices of raw material are also increasing that is increasing the threat for company. The main threat of the company is from substitute products produced by the other industries and threat from new entrants into the market (Nestle 2013). Opportunities: the company has the opportunity to expand in small towns. It is a well-known company with a strong brand name. The customers of the company are loyal due to the product that it provides to its customers. The products that are nutritious and health is gaining popularity due to which the demand for the products of Nestle is increasing. The company is ranked first in terms of leader of innovation and renovation in the global competitive environment (Soni 2015). Value chain analysis Value chain analysis is a technique used by the industries to evaluate the cost and the means to implement the strategy developed by the organization. The value chain of a firm is segregated into primary and support activities. Primary activities are concerned with firms distribution, sale, physical creation, service to buyers. Support activities are concerned with providing assistance to the industry to carry out primary activities (Fearne et al. 2012). The main objective of Nestle is to build trust among all its stakeholders by providing good quality products that is healthy. Merging as an efficient leader in a corporate world is essential and is a key to success. The emphasis of the company is to spread well being by providing nutritious product. Maintaining brand name is essential for the organization. The primary activities of Nestle include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing, and sales. The support activities include procurement, technological developm ent, human resource management and firm infrastructure (Nollet and Toldra 2015). Figure: Value chain analysis (Source: Fearne et al. 2012). Ansoffs Matrix The main aim of the business is to expand its operation. Ansoffs matrix explains the expansion of new or existing product in either new or existing market. Figure: Ansoffs matrix (Source: Grnig and Khn 2015). Nestle operates in a multidimensional market with diversification in products. Market penetration the company lowers the prices to sell them in the market. The strategy of the company to enter the market is to lower the price. The strategy of the company is to take the existing products into the new market to develop the market. Examples are company has launched Nescafe coffee in China. Product development strategy was used to expand its product lone especially in European market (Grnig and Khn 2015). The company has also diversified it product to cosmetic company such as LOreal. The main strategy of the company is market development and product development. Strategy evaluation SFA analysis SFA (Suitability, feasibility, acceptability) is an evaluation of the strategy proposed by the industry. SFA is a situational analysis framework that is objective oriented. The SFA analysis is used in managing the effectiveness of the organizational strategy. The strategic operation model is used to evaluate the success criteria that are based on suitability, feasibility and acceptability of a product or the company. Figure: SFA analysis (Source: FitzRoy et al. 2012) Suitability: suitability criteria are used to evaluate the rationale of the overall strategy. The key issue is to specify and evaluate the issues that the organization is likely to face after the implementation of the strategy. Rules that are used to evaluate suitability are ranking strategic options and decision tree (Shanbhag et al. 2016). Feasibility: feasibility is concerned with the availability of resources to implement the strategies developed by the firm. The resources include human capital, technology, funding, time, information and knowledge. Tools that are used to evaluate feasibility are break even analysis, cash flow analysis and resource deployment analysis (FitzRoy et al. 2012). Accessibility: acceptability is the expectation that the stakeholders of the organization from the strategies that the company has developed. The stakeholders of the organization are customers, employees and shareholders. Implementing strategies can be risky in nature, as the developed cannot predict the outcome and response of the stakeholders from the strategies. It can either be positive of negative (FitzRoy et al. 2012). Conclusion Formulation of strategy is not difficult but implementation of the strategies is difficult. The executive skills for the execution should be efficient to maintain the culture of the organization. Nestle is an international company that has gained superiority by achieving competitive advantage in today has globalised world. The main strategy adopted by the company is product differentiation strategy. 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